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Purpose <p>Neuroinflammation is a complex response of the central nervous system towards certain stressors, including trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. While neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in defending the brain against infections, excessive or prolonged inflammation can result in pathological conditions like epilepsy. In the current study, the anti-epileptic and anti-depressant activities of the methanolic extract of <i>Tagetes minuta L.</i> leaves and flowers were evaluated to validate the scientific evidence that has been used traditionally.</p> Methods <p>In this study, mice weighing 25–30&#xa0;g were given pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 40&#xa0;mg/kg for 15 days alternatively to induce epilepsy and diazepam (2&#xa0;mg/kg) was used as reference standard for comparison. Thereafter, subjected to behavioral tests such as the elevated-plus maze test (EPM), the light-dark test (LD), and the forced swim test (FSD). Afterward, <i>T. minuta</i> methanolic extract (TME) was administered at two different doses (150&#xa0;mg/kg and 250&#xa0;mg/kg) in the PTZ-induced epileptic model, showing notable antidepressant and antiepileptic effects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate levels of neuroinflammatory markers. Moreover, GC-MS analysis was performed to determine the presence of phytochemicals in TME that contribute to its bioactivity.</p> Results <p>TME caused a reduction in neuroinflammation by upregulating brain-derived neurotropic factors (BDNF) and downregulating inflammatory cytokines, including cyclooxygenase (COX2), p-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents that may contribute to its anticonvulsant properties.</p> Conclusion <p>Concluding that <i>T. minuta</i> methanolic extract has encouraging potential as an antidepressant and anticonvulsant agent. However, the mechanism of phytochemicals responsible for the medicinal value should be explored individually.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Tagetes minuta L. Extract Ameliorates Epilepsy: Modulating Neuroinflammatory Pathways via Altering Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor and Interleukin-6 Levels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Maryum Mumshad Raja,
  • Humaira Naureen,
  • Fawad Ali Shah,
  • Sadia Adil,
  • Arooj Mohsin Alvi,
  • Rabia Khan,
  • Sundas Safdar,
  • Farah Azhar,
  • Shahana Khattak

摘要

Purpose

Neuroinflammation is a complex response of the central nervous system towards certain stressors, including trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative disorders. While neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in defending the brain against infections, excessive or prolonged inflammation can result in pathological conditions like epilepsy. In the current study, the anti-epileptic and anti-depressant activities of the methanolic extract of Tagetes minuta L. leaves and flowers were evaluated to validate the scientific evidence that has been used traditionally.

Methods

In this study, mice weighing 25–30 g were given pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 40 mg/kg for 15 days alternatively to induce epilepsy and diazepam (2 mg/kg) was used as reference standard for comparison. Thereafter, subjected to behavioral tests such as the elevated-plus maze test (EPM), the light-dark test (LD), and the forced swim test (FSD). Afterward, T. minuta methanolic extract (TME) was administered at two different doses (150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) in the PTZ-induced epileptic model, showing notable antidepressant and antiepileptic effects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate levels of neuroinflammatory markers. Moreover, GC-MS analysis was performed to determine the presence of phytochemicals in TME that contribute to its bioactivity.

Results

TME caused a reduction in neuroinflammation by upregulating brain-derived neurotropic factors (BDNF) and downregulating inflammatory cytokines, including cyclooxygenase (COX2), p-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents that may contribute to its anticonvulsant properties.

Conclusion

Concluding that T. minuta methanolic extract has encouraging potential as an antidepressant and anticonvulsant agent. However, the mechanism of phytochemicals responsible for the medicinal value should be explored individually.

Graphical Abstract