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Purpose <p>The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance presents a growing global health challenge, with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> among leading pathogens in hospital and community infections. Ciprofloxacin has shown increasing resistance, necessitating alternative strategies such as nano-emulsions, the subject of this investigation. This study investigated how variations in nano-emulsion components oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants affect the antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) analyses.</p> Methods <p>Nineteen ciprofloxacin-loaded nano-emulsions were prepared via spontaneous emulsification, characterized for particle size, viscosity, and thermal stability, and evaluated for antibacterial efficacy against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>.</p> Results <p>Ciprofloxacin-loaded nano-emulsions exhibited particle sizes between 4.93 and 108&#xa0;nm and viscosities ranging from 8.78 to 35.1 cP. MIC values ranged from 0.031 to 0.125&#xa0;µg/mL for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and were consistently 0.125&#xa0;µg/mL for <i>S. aureus</i>, showing superior efficacy to free ciprofloxacin. While oil and co-surfactant types had limited impact, surfactant choice particularly Tween<sup>®</sup>&#xa0;20&#xa0;significantly influenced antibacterial performance. FICI analysis revealed synergistic effects in three formulations containing triacetin, Tween<sup>®</sup> 20, and co-surfactants (2-propanol, 1-propanol, or 1-butanol), which achieved the lowest MICs alongside consistent physicochemical properties.</p> Conclusion <p>This study shows that antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin can be increased by nano-emulsions in a strain-dependent manner and that nano-emulsions properties influence these enhancement effects. Some drug-free nano-emulsions also showed non-specific activity against <i>S. aureus</i> but not <i>P.</i> aeruginosa, indicating strain-dependency of excipients effects.</p>

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Composition-dependent Effects of Nano-emulsions on the Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • Maryam Kazemi,
  • Arash Mahboubi,
  • Maryam Hosseini,
  • Hamid Reza Moghimi

摘要

Purpose

The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance presents a growing global health challenge, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus among leading pathogens in hospital and community infections. Ciprofloxacin has shown increasing resistance, necessitating alternative strategies such as nano-emulsions, the subject of this investigation. This study investigated how variations in nano-emulsion components oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants affect the antibacterial efficacy of ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) analyses.

Methods

Nineteen ciprofloxacin-loaded nano-emulsions were prepared via spontaneous emulsification, characterized for particle size, viscosity, and thermal stability, and evaluated for antibacterial efficacy against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

Results

Ciprofloxacin-loaded nano-emulsions exhibited particle sizes between 4.93 and 108 nm and viscosities ranging from 8.78 to 35.1 cP. MIC values ranged from 0.031 to 0.125 µg/mL for P. aeruginosa and were consistently 0.125 µg/mL for S. aureus, showing superior efficacy to free ciprofloxacin. While oil and co-surfactant types had limited impact, surfactant choice particularly Tween® 20 significantly influenced antibacterial performance. FICI analysis revealed synergistic effects in three formulations containing triacetin, Tween® 20, and co-surfactants (2-propanol, 1-propanol, or 1-butanol), which achieved the lowest MICs alongside consistent physicochemical properties.

Conclusion

This study shows that antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin can be increased by nano-emulsions in a strain-dependent manner and that nano-emulsions properties influence these enhancement effects. Some drug-free nano-emulsions also showed non-specific activity against S. aureus but not P. aeruginosa, indicating strain-dependency of excipients effects.