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<p>Conventional dressings cannot self-repair when ruptured during movement, reducing their lifespan and therapeutic benefits. Moreover, it is unable to provide an ideal environment for patients with diabetes due to poor angiogenesis, excessive oxidative stress, and prolonged inflammation. We prepared a self-healing and on-demand removable hydrogel film composed of fenugreek gum (FG), which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. FG was extracted from fenugreek seeds, and hydrogel films were prepared using the solvent casting method with borax as a cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to evaluate cross-linking and surface morphology. The hydrogel films were further characterized for tensile strength, wound absorption capacity, rheological behavior, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), self-healing efficiency, and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic and saponin content of FG was measured at 68.16&#xa0;mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 131.53&#xa0;mg diosgenin equivalents (DE)/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals (DPPH) scavenging activity of 90.52% was observed at 10&#xa0;mg/ml. The gum showed good anti-inflammatory activity with a maximum inhibition of 64.79 ± 2.13% at 1000&#xa0;µg/mL. FTIR confirmed the cross-linking between borax and FG. The surface morphology of the cross-linked hydrogel film exhibited smaller pores with a greater cross-link density, as revealed by SEM. The optimized cross-linked hydrogel film demonstrated self-healing capabilities with a healing efficiency of 97.36 ± 0.62%. Furthermore, it enables complete detachment from the wound surface through glucose-induced dissolution, which may limit subsequent scarring caused by stripping of wound dressings. The best hydrogel film exhibited properties including thickness (0.175&#xa0;mm), WVTR (1071.95&#xa0;g/m<sup>2</sup>/day), Tensile strength (13.3&#xa0;N/mm<sup>2</sup> dry; 10.95&#xa0;N/mm<sup>2</sup> wet), fluid absorption capacity (555.2%), DPPH scavenging activity (55.16%), and on-demand removal capability in response to glucose. Therefore, this versatile fenugreek-gum based hydrogel film may provide a new paradigm for designing on-demand removable wound dressing biomaterials for managing diabetic wounds.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In Vitro Study of a Cost-Effective, Bioactive Polysaccharide-Based Self-Healing Hydrogel Film with On-Demand Removability as a Potential Dressing Material for Diabetic Wound Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Ankita Dhar,
  • Kaushik Mukherjee,
  • Tapan Kumar Giri

摘要

Conventional dressings cannot self-repair when ruptured during movement, reducing their lifespan and therapeutic benefits. Moreover, it is unable to provide an ideal environment for patients with diabetes due to poor angiogenesis, excessive oxidative stress, and prolonged inflammation. We prepared a self-healing and on-demand removable hydrogel film composed of fenugreek gum (FG), which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. FG was extracted from fenugreek seeds, and hydrogel films were prepared using the solvent casting method with borax as a cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to evaluate cross-linking and surface morphology. The hydrogel films were further characterized for tensile strength, wound absorption capacity, rheological behavior, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), self-healing efficiency, and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic and saponin content of FG was measured at 68.16 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 131.53 mg diosgenin equivalents (DE)/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals (DPPH) scavenging activity of 90.52% was observed at 10 mg/ml. The gum showed good anti-inflammatory activity with a maximum inhibition of 64.79 ± 2.13% at 1000 µg/mL. FTIR confirmed the cross-linking between borax and FG. The surface morphology of the cross-linked hydrogel film exhibited smaller pores with a greater cross-link density, as revealed by SEM. The optimized cross-linked hydrogel film demonstrated self-healing capabilities with a healing efficiency of 97.36 ± 0.62%. Furthermore, it enables complete detachment from the wound surface through glucose-induced dissolution, which may limit subsequent scarring caused by stripping of wound dressings. The best hydrogel film exhibited properties including thickness (0.175 mm), WVTR (1071.95 g/m2/day), Tensile strength (13.3 N/mm2 dry; 10.95 N/mm2 wet), fluid absorption capacity (555.2%), DPPH scavenging activity (55.16%), and on-demand removal capability in response to glucose. Therefore, this versatile fenugreek-gum based hydrogel film may provide a new paradigm for designing on-demand removable wound dressing biomaterials for managing diabetic wounds.

Graphical Abstract