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Background <p>Urolithiasis is often complicated by urinary tract infections caused by uropathogens, posing a significant healthcare challenge due to high recurrence rates. This necessitates the development of alternative phytotherapeutic approaches. <i>Ficus religiosa</i>, a traditionally valued medicinal plant, offers potential in this regard.</p> Objectives <p>The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential of <i>F. religiosa</i> seed extracts, focusing on their phytoconstituents, functional groups, and biological efficacy.</p> Methods <p>Seeds of <i>F. religiosa</i> were extracted using Soxhlet methodology with solvents of varying polarity to obtain a broad spectrum of phytochemicals. Functional groups in the extracts were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against three gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal strains via the well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined. The antiurolithiatic activity was studied through calcium oxalate nucleation assays, with Cystone as a standard. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to correlate phytochemical contents with biological activity.</p> Results <p>The ethyl acetate extract exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy, showing the lowest MIC values: <i>Escherichia coli</i> (27.40 ± 0.10&#xa0;µg/mL), <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> (26.43 ± 0.07&#xa0;µg/mL), and <i>Candida albicans</i> (22.00 ± 0.577&#xa0;µg/mL). All extracts displayed significant, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. In nucleation studies, the ethyl acetate extract effectively inhibited calcium oxalate crystallization, outperforming Cystone, producing smaller crystals (2.30&#xa0;μm vs. 2.68&#xa0;μm at 500&#xa0;µg/mL), compared to the control (4.07&#xa0;μm). PCA analysis revealed that phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents synergistically contributed to antimicrobial activity.</p> Conclusion <p>The ethyl acetate extract, in particular, exhibited strong efficacy, highlighting <i>F. religiosa</i> seeds as promising candidates for urolithiasis prevention and urinary tract infection management. This is the first comprehensive report on <i>F. religiosa</i> seeds demonstrating both antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential.</p>

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Therapeutic Potential of Ficus Religiosa Seeds against Uropathogens and Calcium Oxalate Crystallization: An in Vitro Study for Urolithiasis Prevention

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Felicity Pinipay,
  • Rajesh Rokkam,
  • Archana Bollavarapu,
  • Satyanarayana Botcha,
  • Raghava Rao Tamanam

摘要

Background

Urolithiasis is often complicated by urinary tract infections caused by uropathogens, posing a significant healthcare challenge due to high recurrence rates. This necessitates the development of alternative phytotherapeutic approaches. Ficus religiosa, a traditionally valued medicinal plant, offers potential in this regard.

Objectives

The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential of F. religiosa seed extracts, focusing on their phytoconstituents, functional groups, and biological efficacy.

Methods

Seeds of F. religiosa were extracted using Soxhlet methodology with solvents of varying polarity to obtain a broad spectrum of phytochemicals. Functional groups in the extracts were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against three gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal strains via the well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined. The antiurolithiatic activity was studied through calcium oxalate nucleation assays, with Cystone as a standard. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to correlate phytochemical contents with biological activity.

Results

The ethyl acetate extract exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy, showing the lowest MIC values: Escherichia coli (27.40 ± 0.10 µg/mL), Vibrio cholerae (26.43 ± 0.07 µg/mL), and Candida albicans (22.00 ± 0.577 µg/mL). All extracts displayed significant, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. In nucleation studies, the ethyl acetate extract effectively inhibited calcium oxalate crystallization, outperforming Cystone, producing smaller crystals (2.30 μm vs. 2.68 μm at 500 µg/mL), compared to the control (4.07 μm). PCA analysis revealed that phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents synergistically contributed to antimicrobial activity.

Conclusion

The ethyl acetate extract, in particular, exhibited strong efficacy, highlighting F. religiosa seeds as promising candidates for urolithiasis prevention and urinary tract infection management. This is the first comprehensive report on F. religiosa seeds demonstrating both antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic potential.