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<p>Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin condition marked by comedones, pimples, and cysts across various age groups. Tretinoin is widely used in topical therapy because it regulates keratinocyte turnover and reduces inflammation, but its utility is restricted by poor penetration, instability, and irritation. This study focused on developing a tretinoin-loaded nanoemulsion to address these drawbacks and improve therapeutic performance. The formulation used tea tree oil as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 400 as the co-surfactant, prepared through high-energy emulsification. It was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and skin permeation. Biological assessments included antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, along with anti-inflammatory testing using lipopolysaccharide-induced keratinocyte inflammation. The nanoemulsion achieved a mean droplet size of 103.25 ± 0.11&#xa0;nm and a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.08, indicating uniformity. A zeta potential of − 18 mV suggested adequate stability. In vitro analyses showed sustained drug release and higher permeation than conventional tretinoin solution. The system exhibited strong antibacterial action and decreased cytokine production, confirming anti-inflammatory potential. Overall, the nanoemulsion enhanced stability, minimized irritation, and demonstrated promise as a safer and more effective topical therapy for acne vulgaris.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Tea Tree Oil-based Tretinoin Nanoemulsion for Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity in Acne Management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月3日

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  • Sonali Jayronia,
  • Kanchan Kohli,
  • Rohini Agarwal

摘要

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin condition marked by comedones, pimples, and cysts across various age groups. Tretinoin is widely used in topical therapy because it regulates keratinocyte turnover and reduces inflammation, but its utility is restricted by poor penetration, instability, and irritation. This study focused on developing a tretinoin-loaded nanoemulsion to address these drawbacks and improve therapeutic performance. The formulation used tea tree oil as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 400 as the co-surfactant, prepared through high-energy emulsification. It was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and skin permeation. Biological assessments included antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, along with anti-inflammatory testing using lipopolysaccharide-induced keratinocyte inflammation. The nanoemulsion achieved a mean droplet size of 103.25 ± 0.11 nm and a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.08, indicating uniformity. A zeta potential of − 18 mV suggested adequate stability. In vitro analyses showed sustained drug release and higher permeation than conventional tretinoin solution. The system exhibited strong antibacterial action and decreased cytokine production, confirming anti-inflammatory potential. Overall, the nanoemulsion enhanced stability, minimized irritation, and demonstrated promise as a safer and more effective topical therapy for acne vulgaris.

Graphical Abstract