Introduction Plants have been utilized in the traditional medical system for many thousands of years. Today, the emphasis is on using natural resources to create a variety of excipients that can be used in formulation development. Methods Ziziphus Mauritiana (ZM) gum was isolated from 250 g Indian jujube by slurry preparation, boiling at 90–100 °C, centrifugation (5000 rpm, 20 min), and ethanol precipitation, while Artocarpus Heterophyllus (AHP) gum was obtained from 250 g jackfruit via centrifugation (3000 rpm, 20 min), protein removal using 0.5 M sodium thiosulfate, neutralization, and drying at 40–45 °C, followed by powdering and storage. Plant polysaccharides from ZM gum and AHP gum were tested for in-vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and for toxicity using Danio rerio embryos. Both gums inhibited the growth of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus fecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Escherechia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values shows that both the isolated gums show good therapeutic potential against both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results ZM gum showed a zone of inhibition (ZOI) against gram-positive bacteria ranging from 11 to 16 mm and for gram- negative bacteria 15.33–20.66 mm. On the other hand, AHP gum showed ZOI of 15.33–20.66 mm for gram-positive bacteria and 8.33–17 mm for gram-negative bacteria. The MIC values of ZM gum were found to be in the range of 3.29–4.59 mg/ml and for AHP gum it lied in the range of 1.72–4.26 mg/ml. The higher gum concentrations produced coagulation and abnormalities in Danio rerio embryo toxicity testing but did not influence heart rate. Higher doses of either gum did not affect embryo heart rates of 160–175 bpm. Hatching occurred at around 48 h. High quantities of ZM gum (1100–1200 µg/ml) and AHP gum (1000–1200 µg/ml) caused egg coagulation, preventing hatching. Tail bending and coagulation were found at the concentration of 1000–1200 µg/ml. High concentrations of ZM gum (1000–1200 µg/ml) reduced anomalies such tail bending, scoliosis, and ocular distortion at 72- and 96-hours post-fertilization (HPF). AHP gum caused coagulation in three embryos at 24 h and yolk sac edema and tail distortion at 96 and 120 HPF, however the number was minor. The teratogenic index (TI) (LC50/EC50 ratio) was considerably different (p < 0.001) and smaller than 1. ZM and AHP gum become less teratogenic as TI drops. Conclusion These plant-based polysaccharides are interesting industrial and therapeutic alternatives due to their versatility and low toxicity. As exposure time increased, the value of LC50 decreased. The gums’ teratogenic index values were below 1, indicating reduced teratogenicity. These findings imply that ZM and AHP gum could be employed as low-toxicity natural antimicrobials agents in various formulation developments. Graphical Abstract

Exploring Antibacterial Efficacy and Toxicological Characteristics Using Danio Rerio Embryo Model of Mucoadhesives Produced by Fruit Pulp of Ziziphus Mauritiana and Artocarpus Heterophyllus

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年11月22日

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Priyanka Ray,
Sumana Chatterjee,
Prerona Saha

摘要

Introduction

Plants have been utilized in the traditional medical system for many thousands of years. Today, the emphasis is on using natural resources to create a variety of excipients that can be used in formulation development.

Methods

Ziziphus Mauritiana (ZM) gum was isolated from 250 g Indian jujube by slurry preparation, boiling at 90–100 °C, centrifugation (5000 rpm, 20 min), and ethanol precipitation, while Artocarpus Heterophyllus (AHP) gum was obtained from 250 g jackfruit via centrifugation (3000 rpm, 20 min), protein removal using 0.5 M sodium thiosulfate, neutralization, and drying at 40–45 °C, followed by powdering and storage. Plant polysaccharides from ZM gum and AHP gum were tested for in-vitro antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and for toxicity using Danio rerio embryos. Both gums inhibited the growth of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus fecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Escherechia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values shows that both the isolated gums show good therapeutic potential against both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Results

ZM gum showed a zone of inhibition (ZOI) against gram-positive bacteria ranging from 11 to 16 mm and for gram- negative bacteria 15.33–20.66 mm. On the other hand, AHP gum showed ZOI of 15.33–20.66 mm for gram-positive bacteria and 8.33–17 mm for gram-negative bacteria. The MIC values of ZM gum were found to be in the range of 3.29–4.59 mg/ml and for AHP gum it lied in the range of 1.72–4.26 mg/ml. The higher gum concentrations produced coagulation and abnormalities in Danio rerio embryo toxicity testing but did not influence heart rate. Higher doses of either gum did not affect embryo heart rates of 160–175 bpm. Hatching occurred at around 48 h. High quantities of ZM gum (1100–1200 µg/ml) and AHP gum (1000–1200 µg/ml) caused egg coagulation, preventing hatching. Tail bending and coagulation were found at the concentration of 1000–1200 µg/ml. High concentrations of ZM gum (1000–1200 µg/ml) reduced anomalies such tail bending, scoliosis, and ocular distortion at 72- and 96-hours post-fertilization (HPF). AHP gum caused coagulation in three embryos at 24 h and yolk sac edema and tail distortion at 96 and 120 HPF, however the number was minor. The teratogenic index (TI) (LC₅₀/EC₅₀ ratio) was considerably different (p < 0.001) and smaller than 1. ZM and AHP gum become less teratogenic as TI drops.

Conclusion

These plant-based polysaccharides are interesting industrial and therapeutic alternatives due to their versatility and low toxicity. As exposure time increased, the value of LC₅₀ decreased. The gums’ teratogenic index values were below 1, indicating reduced teratogenicity. These findings imply that ZM and AHP gum could be employed as low-toxicity natural antimicrobials agents in various formulation developments.

Graphical Abstract