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Purpose of Study <p>This study presents a cost-effective method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) peel methanolic extract, which provides inherent reducing and stabilizing properties. The primary aim is to evaluate the biomedical potential of these synthesized Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) peel extract gold nanoparticles (PPE-AuNPs). Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> L.) peel is rich in phytochemicals with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a suitable candidate for green PPE-AuNPs synthesis. This study investigates the synthesized PPE-AuNPs for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, radical scavenging, and anticancer activities, exploring their potential therapeutic applications in treating periodontal diseases and certain cancers.</p> Method <p>PPE<b>-</b>AuNPs were synthesized using a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. Characterization included UV-Vis, FTIR, particle size, zeta potential (DLS), and HRTEM analyses. Biological assays assessed antibacterial activity (<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>), antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay), anti-inflammatory effects (protein denaturation assay), and anticancer activity (MTT assay on U87 and SK-MEL-30 cell lines).</p> Results <p>Characterization revealed the PPE-AuNPs to be primarily hexagonal and spherical, with an average size of 143.6667 ± 4.0414&#xa0;nm and a zeta potential of -23.4 ± 1.418 mV, indicating stability. The morphology of the synthesized PPE-AuNPs, as confirmed by TEM analysis. The zone of inhibition against oral pathogens <i>P. gingivalis</i> was 14.34 ± 1.25&#xa0;mm, while that against <i>S. mutans</i> was 15.17 ± 0.62&#xa0;mm. In the protein denaturation assay, PPE-AuNPs showed anti-inflammatory potential with an IC₅₀ value of 720.25&#xa0;µg/mL, and in the DPPH assay, 720&#xa0;µg/mL, suggesting free radical scavenging action. PPE-AuNPs demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against U87 glioblastoma cells and SKMEL-30 melanoma cells indicating potential anticancer activity.</p> Conclusion <p>This study highlights the clinical promise of PPE-AuNPs, particularly for their antibacterial and anticancer efficacy in treating periodontal diseases and neuronal cancers. These findings align with the shift towards sustainable nanotechnology, advocating the use of bioactive natural resources in eco-friendly nanomaterial production. This study presents a green, cost-effective synthesis of PPE-AuNPs, rich in bioactive phytochemicals, and demonstrates their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic potential for periodontal diseases and certain cancers applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.): Optimization by 3² Factorial Design, and Evaluation of In Vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Swapnali Patil,
  • Yogita Kadam,
  • Amol Shete,
  • Jyotiram Sawale,
  • Chitra Khanwelkar,
  • Shreya Chinnawar

摘要

Purpose of Study

This study presents a cost-effective method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel methanolic extract, which provides inherent reducing and stabilizing properties. The primary aim is to evaluate the biomedical potential of these synthesized Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract gold nanoparticles (PPE-AuNPs). Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is rich in phytochemicals with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a suitable candidate for green PPE-AuNPs synthesis. This study investigates the synthesized PPE-AuNPs for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, radical scavenging, and anticancer activities, exploring their potential therapeutic applications in treating periodontal diseases and certain cancers.

Method

PPE-AuNPs were synthesized using a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. Characterization included UV-Vis, FTIR, particle size, zeta potential (DLS), and HRTEM analyses. Biological assays assessed antibacterial activity (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans), antioxidant capacity (DPPH assay), anti-inflammatory effects (protein denaturation assay), and anticancer activity (MTT assay on U87 and SK-MEL-30 cell lines).

Results

Characterization revealed the PPE-AuNPs to be primarily hexagonal and spherical, with an average size of 143.6667 ± 4.0414 nm and a zeta potential of -23.4 ± 1.418 mV, indicating stability. The morphology of the synthesized PPE-AuNPs, as confirmed by TEM analysis. The zone of inhibition against oral pathogens P. gingivalis was 14.34 ± 1.25 mm, while that against S. mutans was 15.17 ± 0.62 mm. In the protein denaturation assay, PPE-AuNPs showed anti-inflammatory potential with an IC₅₀ value of 720.25 µg/mL, and in the DPPH assay, 720 µg/mL, suggesting free radical scavenging action. PPE-AuNPs demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against U87 glioblastoma cells and SKMEL-30 melanoma cells indicating potential anticancer activity.

Conclusion

This study highlights the clinical promise of PPE-AuNPs, particularly for their antibacterial and anticancer efficacy in treating periodontal diseases and neuronal cancers. These findings align with the shift towards sustainable nanotechnology, advocating the use of bioactive natural resources in eco-friendly nanomaterial production. This study presents a green, cost-effective synthesis of PPE-AuNPs, rich in bioactive phytochemicals, and demonstrates their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic potential for periodontal diseases and certain cancers applications.

Graphical Abstract