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Background <p>Many plants have been reported to exhibit both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities potentially serving as natural alternative to conventional synthetic antimicrobials.</p> Objective <p>In this context, the present study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of <i>Verbena tenuisecta</i> leaf extracts.</p> Methods <p>Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of major phytochemical groups. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to identify key bioactive compounds. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the Well Diffusion Method. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using a microtiter plate-based crystal violet assay.</p> Results <p>Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and carbohydrates. GC–MS analysis of the chloroform fraction identified seven bioactive compounds with Phenyton, Benzoyl oleic acid, Indole,6-methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)- as major components. Antibacterial activity revealed that the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) (13.25 mm) against <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> while showed moderate activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (11.75 mm), <i>Salmonella typhi</i> (11.25 mm) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (11.5 mm). Among the fractions subjected, the n-hexane and chloroform fractions displayed notable antibacterial effects, with ZOI values compared to standard antibiotic. Antifungal activity of&#xa0;Chloroform extracted sample showed highest inhibitory effect against <i>Candida albicans</i> with ZOI of 15.25 mm as compared to extracts. Antibiofilm assay revealed varying inhibitory potential of different extracts tested. Crude methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against <i>E. coli</i> (1.746) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1.133). Similarly, n-butanol fraction exhibited significant antibiofilm activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1.733), while the chloroform fraction showed moderate anti-biofilm activity.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings highlight the potential of <i>V. tenuisecta</i> as a source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm properties. Further research work is warranted to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds of <i>Verbena tenuisecta</i> as lead antimicrobial agents.</p>

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Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Verbena tenuisecta (Briq.) Leaf Extracts: Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月7日

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  • Amna Azeem,
  • Atta Ur Rahman,
  • Arshad Iqbal,
  • Fahmeeda Kausar,
  • Sobia Gul,
  • Atif Ali Khan Khalil,
  • Khalid Rehman Hakeem,
  • Sumaira Noor,
  • Ali Zari,
  • Muskaan Zaman,
  • Khalid M. Alghamdi,
  • Rohin Iqbal Khan,
  • Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah

摘要

Background

Many plants have been reported to exhibit both antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities potentially serving as natural alternative to conventional synthetic antimicrobials.

Objective

In this context, the present study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of Verbena tenuisecta leaf extracts.

Methods

Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of major phytochemical groups. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to identify key bioactive compounds. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the Well Diffusion Method. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using a microtiter plate-based crystal violet assay.

Results

Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and carbohydrates. GC–MS analysis of the chloroform fraction identified seven bioactive compounds with Phenyton, Benzoyl oleic acid, Indole,6-methyl-2-(4-pyridyl)- as major components. Antibacterial activity revealed that the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) (13.25 mm) against Bacillus subtilis while showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli (11.75 mm), Salmonella typhi (11.25 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (11.5 mm). Among the fractions subjected, the n-hexane and chloroform fractions displayed notable antibacterial effects, with ZOI values compared to standard antibiotic. Antifungal activity of Chloroform extracted sample showed highest inhibitory effect against Candida albicans with ZOI of 15.25 mm as compared to extracts. Antibiofilm assay revealed varying inhibitory potential of different extracts tested. Crude methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition against E. coli (1.746) and Staphylococcus aureus (1.133). Similarly, n-butanol fraction exhibited significant antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus (1.733), while the chloroform fraction showed moderate anti-biofilm activity.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the potential of V. tenuisecta as a source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm properties. Further research work is warranted to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds of Verbena tenuisecta as lead antimicrobial agents.