Spatial and Temporal Variation of Fish Communities in Constructed Tidal Wetland Ponds within Humboldt Bay, California
摘要
The widespread loss of coastal wetlands has led to an increased utilization of constructed wetlands globally. In Humboldt Bay, California, where 90% of wetlands have been lost, several wetlands with tide gates have been created to provide ecosystem services including wastewater treatment and habitat provision. However, differing management strategies may influence fish usage of these habitats, and many constructed wetlands lack baseline ecological monitoring needed to assess these effects. This study explored fish community composition across three constructed wetland ponds with tide gates over 10 months in 2024. Using beach seines, fyke nets, and light traps, we documented 20 freshwater, estuarine, and marine fish species across multiple life stages. Community composition and environmental conditions varied among ponds, sites within ponds, and seasons, reflecting differences in tide gate design and management. Across all sampling methods, the pond with more consistent tidal exchange supported higher species richness (15 species compared to 12 and 7 in other ponds), fish passage through tide gates, and evidence of external larval recruitment. In contrast, ponds with more restricted hydrologic connectivity exhibited dominance by fewer species and evidence of internal recruitment. Differences in fish communities among ponds were most pronounced during spring and summer, when elevated salinities further differentiated pond-scale conditions. These findings demonstrate the value of monitoring constructed wetlands across species and life stages and highlight the importance of restoring hydrologic connectivity in human-made habitats. The resulting dataset identifies factors influencing community structure that can inform the future design, creation, and management of constructed wetlands.