Floral reward and mechanical fit of brush-type flowers to nocturnal and diurnal pollinators: an analysis of two sympatric Capparaceae species
摘要
Determining the pollination system of a plant species solely based on floral attributes can be quite challenging in certain situations. This is particularly true for seemingly generalist systems, such as brush-type flowers, whose reward are typically easily accessible and do not exhibit an obvious fit to floral visitors. Among angiosperm families, the Capparaceae is particularly distinguished by the predominance of brush-type flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the pollination ecology of a pair of sympatric plant species with brush-type flowers from the Capparaceae, to understand how reward availability and mechanical fit to floral visitors might determine potential levels of specialization. We described the sequence of anthesis, nectar dynamics and retention mechanisms within the flowers, observed the behaviour of floral visitors in terms of timing and pollination effectiveness, and tested their mechanical fit to the flowers. The anthesis of the species under study encompasses different groups of diurnal, crepuscular and nocturnal pollinators. Continuous nectar secretion ensures reward availability throughout anthesis, with the nectar, although fully exposed, remaining adhered to the base of the filaments. Carpenter bees and hawkmoths alternated as the most frequent pollinators, although both plant species were also pollinated by bats. The ideal mechanical fit for pollination in brush-type flowers was determined primarily by the behaviour of the pollinators on the flowers rather than a relationship with their mouthparts. This study reveals the necessity of detailed investigations to determine the pollination system in brush-type flowers.