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<p>Worldwide efforts to address pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been motivated by rising resistance to conventional antimicrobial drugs. In this work, zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and silver-loaded zirconia nanoparticles (Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs) were successfully synthesized to investigate their structural, functional, antibiofilm, and antimicrobial properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential characteristics were used to characterize the prepared samples. The crystallite size of ZrO<sub>2</sub>NPs, Ag NPs, and Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs was found to be 38.59, 40.96, and 33.35&#xa0;nm, respectively. The Zeta potential value of − 20.7 mV strongly suggests that the Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibit substantial stability. The prepared Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs exhibit a better inhibitory action against <i>Candida albicans</i> (<i>C. albicans</i> (35.0&#xa0;mm Zone of Inhibition (ZOI)), <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (<i>S. epidermidis</i> (29.0&#xa0;mm ZOI)), <i>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (A. calcoaceticus</i> (22.0&#xa0;mm ZOI)), <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens</i> (21.0&#xa0;mm ZOI)), and <i>Escherichia coli (E. coli</i> (18.0&#xa0;mm ZOI)), at 125&#xa0;µg/mL. The measured MIC rates of Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs against all pathogenic microbes ranged from 31.25 to 125.0&#xa0;µg/mL. The MICs of Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs were 31.25&#xa0;µg/mL for <i>C. albicans</i> and 62.50&#xa0;µg/mL for both <i>A. calcoaceticus</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i>. Whilst the MIC of Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs was 125.0&#xa0;µg/mL for both <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>E. coli.</i> In addition, the biofilm growth was also successfully prevented by applying Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs as 85.37% against <i>C. albicans</i> treated with 31.25&#xa0;µg/mL Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs, followed by 67.21% against <i>E. coli</i> with 125.0&#xa0;µg/mL Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs and 48.83% <i>S. epidermidis</i> with 62.50&#xa0;µg/mL Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs. Finally, in the growth curve assay, <i>C. albicans</i> in the control sample grew rapidly and reached the highest optical density at λ = 600&#xa0;nm (OD<sub>600</sub>) of around 0.9750. Adding Ag@ZrO<sub>2</sub> NPs dropped that to 0.487, clearly showing their inhibitory effect on growth.</p>

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Synthesis and characterization of Ag-loaded zirconia nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Gharieb S. El-Sayyad,
  • Nawal E. Al-Hazmi,
  • M.I.A. Abdel Maksoud,
  • Samar S. Mabrouk

摘要

Worldwide efforts to address pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been motivated by rising resistance to conventional antimicrobial drugs. In this work, zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and silver-loaded zirconia nanoparticles (Ag@ZrO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized to investigate their structural, functional, antibiofilm, and antimicrobial properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential characteristics were used to characterize the prepared samples. The crystallite size of ZrO2NPs, Ag NPs, and Ag@ZrO2 NPs was found to be 38.59, 40.96, and 33.35 nm, respectively. The Zeta potential value of − 20.7 mV strongly suggests that the Ag@ZrO2 NPs exhibit substantial stability. The prepared Ag@ZrO2 NPs exhibit a better inhibitory action against Candida albicans (C. albicans (35.0 mm Zone of Inhibition (ZOI)), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis (29.0 mm ZOI)), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (A. calcoaceticus (22.0 mm ZOI)), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens (21.0 mm ZOI)), and Escherichia coli (E. coli (18.0 mm ZOI)), at 125 µg/mL. The measured MIC rates of Ag@ZrO2 NPs against all pathogenic microbes ranged from 31.25 to 125.0 µg/mL. The MICs of Ag@ZrO2 NPs were 31.25 µg/mL for C. albicans and 62.50 µg/mL for both A. calcoaceticus and S. epidermidis. Whilst the MIC of Ag@ZrO2 NPs was 125.0 µg/mL for both P. fluorescens and E. coli. In addition, the biofilm growth was also successfully prevented by applying Ag@ZrO2 NPs as 85.37% against C. albicans treated with 31.25 µg/mL Ag@ZrO2 NPs, followed by 67.21% against E. coli with 125.0 µg/mL Ag@ZrO2 NPs and 48.83% S. epidermidis with 62.50 µg/mL Ag@ZrO2 NPs. Finally, in the growth curve assay, C. albicans in the control sample grew rapidly and reached the highest optical density at λ = 600 nm (OD600) of around 0.9750. Adding Ag@ZrO2 NPs dropped that to 0.487, clearly showing their inhibitory effect on growth.