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<p><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a major skin pathogen that causes a broad spectrum of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe invasive diseases. In this study, we evaluated antibacterial and antivirulence properties of selected FDA-approved skincare bioactives and antiseptics against multiple virulence factors. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis of benzalkonium chloride, retinol, hydroquinone, and kojic acid showed strong antimicrobial activity at concentrations from 2 to 1024&#xa0;µg/mL. Epigallocatechin gallate effectively inhibits biofilm formation by 81.53% and reduces staphyloxanthin production by 68.26%. Retinol exhibited antibiofilm activity, eradicating mature biofilm mass by 79.18%. Furthermore, a combination of skincare bioactives with antibiotics, including oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, demonstrated synergy and additive effects, enhancing antibacterial efficacy. Molecular docking analysis exhibited strong predicted binding affinities of skincare bioactives and antiseptics against key virulence factors. This study highlights the multitarget antivirulence potential of skincare bioactives and antiseptics as an alternative strategy to mitigate diverse <i>S. aureus</i> infections.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Controlling Staphylococcus aureus skin infections by targeting biofilm and virulence properties using FDA-approved antiseptics and skin care products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Abirami Karthikeyan,
  • Nazia Tabassum,
  • Aqib Javaid,
  • Taehyeong Kim,
  • Won-Kyo Jung,
  • Fazlurrahman Khan

摘要

Staphylococcus aureus is a major skin pathogen that causes a broad spectrum of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe invasive diseases. In this study, we evaluated antibacterial and antivirulence properties of selected FDA-approved skincare bioactives and antiseptics against multiple virulence factors. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis of benzalkonium chloride, retinol, hydroquinone, and kojic acid showed strong antimicrobial activity at concentrations from 2 to 1024 µg/mL. Epigallocatechin gallate effectively inhibits biofilm formation by 81.53% and reduces staphyloxanthin production by 68.26%. Retinol exhibited antibiofilm activity, eradicating mature biofilm mass by 79.18%. Furthermore, a combination of skincare bioactives with antibiotics, including oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, demonstrated synergy and additive effects, enhancing antibacterial efficacy. Molecular docking analysis exhibited strong predicted binding affinities of skincare bioactives and antiseptics against key virulence factors. This study highlights the multitarget antivirulence potential of skincare bioactives and antiseptics as an alternative strategy to mitigate diverse S. aureus infections.

Graphical Abstract