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Abstract <p>The wash-off process removes unfixed dye from the cellulosic fabric after dyeing. This novel study investigated microwave radiation as a heating source as an alternative to the conventional wash-off method to make the wash-off process energy, time, and cost-effective. The wash-off process of fabrics dyed with Reactive Black 5 (C-1), Reactive Red 195 (C-2), and Reactive Yellow 18 (C-3) was performed at different microwave power levels. The wash-off process was also performed by reducing the concentration of the soaping agent and fabric-to-liquor ratio under microwave irradiation. The wash-off efficiency of the microwave-assisted wash-off process obtained in 5&#xa0;min was similar to that of the conventional wash-off process obtained in 50&#xa0;min as evidenced by the <i>K/S</i> value. The wash-fastness obtained by the microwave-assisted wash-off process was also as good as that of the conventional wash-off method. It demonstrated that the microwave-assisted wash-off process proved to be effective in removing unfixed dye from the fabric consuming less time, energy, water, and chemicals.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Smarter Cotton Processing: Microwave-Driven Wash-Off for Reactive Dyed Cellulosic Fabric

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Insha Nisaar,
  • Shaukat Ali,
  • Mujtaba Hussain,
  • Amina Khalid,
  • Muzamil Babar,
  • Sadia Noureen

摘要

Abstract

The wash-off process removes unfixed dye from the cellulosic fabric after dyeing. This novel study investigated microwave radiation as a heating source as an alternative to the conventional wash-off method to make the wash-off process energy, time, and cost-effective. The wash-off process of fabrics dyed with Reactive Black 5 (C-1), Reactive Red 195 (C-2), and Reactive Yellow 18 (C-3) was performed at different microwave power levels. The wash-off process was also performed by reducing the concentration of the soaping agent and fabric-to-liquor ratio under microwave irradiation. The wash-off efficiency of the microwave-assisted wash-off process obtained in 5 min was similar to that of the conventional wash-off process obtained in 50 min as evidenced by the K/S value. The wash-fastness obtained by the microwave-assisted wash-off process was also as good as that of the conventional wash-off method. It demonstrated that the microwave-assisted wash-off process proved to be effective in removing unfixed dye from the fabric consuming less time, energy, water, and chemicals.

Graphical Abstract