<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N\; (N \ge 3)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a bounded smooth star-shaped domain with <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0 \in \Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Positive singular solutions with an isolated singular point at <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of the Robin problems <Equation ID="Equ1"> <EquationNumber>0.1</EquationNumber> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha u^p \quad &amp; \text { in } \Omega \backslash \{0\}, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu }+d u=0 \quad &amp; \hbox { on } \partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msup> <mspace width="1em" /> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>in</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="true">\</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="1em" /> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>on</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation><Equation ID="Equ2"> <EquationNumber>0.2</EquationNumber> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha K(x) u^p \quad &amp; \text { in } \Omega \backslash \{0\}, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu }+d u=0 \quad &amp; \hbox { on } \partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msup> <mspace width="1em" /> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>in</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="true">\</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="1em" /> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>on</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt;-2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}&lt;p \le p_c (N, \alpha )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and some <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are constructed, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K(x) \in C^1( \overline{\Omega })\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mover> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a non-constant function satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;a\le K(x) \le b\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with two positive constants <i>a</i>,&#xa0;<i>b</i>, and <Equation ID="Equ213"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned}p_c (N,\alpha )&amp;:=\frac{(N-2)^2-2(\alpha +2)(\alpha +N)-2 \sqrt{(\alpha +2)^3(\alpha +2N-2)}}{(N-2)(N-10-4\alpha )}\\ &amp;&lt;\frac{N+2+2\alpha }{N-2}.\end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msqrt> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow /> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>It is seen that the equation in (<InternalRef RefID="Equ1">0.1</InternalRef>) or the equation <Equation ID="Equ214"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha K(0) u^p \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mi>p</mi> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p&gt; \frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> admits a trivial positive radial singular solution in <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^N \backslash \{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="true">\</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> each. The radial singular solution has <i>stable</i> properties for <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}&lt;p \le p_c (N, \alpha )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We first construct a family of positive radial singular solutions for homogeneous Dirichlet problems in <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(B_R \backslash \{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mi>R</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="true">\</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with equations in (<InternalRef RefID="Equ1">0.1</InternalRef>) and (<InternalRef RefID="Equ2">0.2</InternalRef>) respectively, which can be seen as “sub-solutions" to the corresponding Robin problems. Taking the trivial radial singular solution in <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {R}^N \backslash \{0\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="true">\</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as “super-solutions" to each of the problem, we can construct a family of positive singular solutions for the Robin problems via sub- and super-solution arguments, which extends results of Chiun-Chuan Chen and Chang-Shou Lin (J. Geom. Anal. 9:221-246,1999) to Robin problems with Hénon-Hardy equations and isolated singular points for <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p \in ( \frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}, p_c (N, \alpha )]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our results can be used to obtain a family of positive slow-decay solutions for Steklov boundary value problems in exterior domains.</p>

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Positive Singular Solutions for Robin Problems of Hénon-Hardy Equations

  • Fangshu Wan

摘要

Let \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N\; (N \ge 3)\) Ω R N ( N 3 ) be a bounded smooth star-shaped domain with \(0 \in \Omega \) 0 Ω . Positive singular solutions with an isolated singular point at \(x=0\) x = 0 of the Robin problems 0.1 \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha u^p \quad & \text { in } \Omega \backslash \{0\}, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu }+d u=0 \quad & \hbox { on } \partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\) - Δ u = | x | α u p in Ω \ { 0 } , u ν + d u = 0 on Ω , 0.2 \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha K(x) u^p \quad & \text { in } \Omega \backslash \{0\}, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu }+d u=0 \quad & \hbox { on } \partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\) - Δ u = | x | α K ( x ) u p in Ω \ { 0 } , u ν + d u = 0 on Ω , with \(\alpha >-2\) α > - 2 , \(\frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}<p \le p_c (N, \alpha )\) N + α N - 2 < p p c ( N , α ) and some \(d>0\) d > 0 are constructed, where \(K(x) \in C^1( \overline{\Omega })\) K ( x ) C 1 ( Ω ¯ ) is a non-constant function satisfying \(0<a\le K(x) \le b\) 0 < a K ( x ) b with two positive constants ab, and \(\begin{aligned}p_c (N,\alpha )&:=\frac{(N-2)^2-2(\alpha +2)(\alpha +N)-2 \sqrt{(\alpha +2)^3(\alpha +2N-2)}}{(N-2)(N-10-4\alpha )}\\ &<\frac{N+2+2\alpha }{N-2}.\end{aligned}\) p c ( N , α ) : = ( N - 2 ) 2 - 2 ( α + 2 ) ( α + N ) - 2 ( α + 2 ) 3 ( α + 2 N - 2 ) ( N - 2 ) ( N - 10 - 4 α ) < N + 2 + 2 α N - 2 . It is seen that the equation in (0.1) or the equation \(\begin{aligned} -\Delta u=|x|^\alpha K(0) u^p \end{aligned}\) - Δ u = | x | α K ( 0 ) u p with \(p> \frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}\) p > N + α N - 2 admits a trivial positive radial singular solution in \(\mathbb {R}^N \backslash \{0\}\) R N \ { 0 } each. The radial singular solution has stable properties for \(\frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}<p \le p_c (N, \alpha )\) N + α N - 2 < p p c ( N , α ) . We first construct a family of positive radial singular solutions for homogeneous Dirichlet problems in \(B_R \backslash \{0\}\) B R \ { 0 } with equations in (0.1) and (0.2) respectively, which can be seen as “sub-solutions" to the corresponding Robin problems. Taking the trivial radial singular solution in \(\mathbb {R}^N \backslash \{0\}\) R N \ { 0 } as “super-solutions" to each of the problem, we can construct a family of positive singular solutions for the Robin problems via sub- and super-solution arguments, which extends results of Chiun-Chuan Chen and Chang-Shou Lin (J. Geom. Anal. 9:221-246,1999) to Robin problems with Hénon-Hardy equations and isolated singular points for \(p \in ( \frac{N+\alpha }{N-2}, p_c (N, \alpha )]\) p ( N + α N - 2 , p c ( N , α ) ] . Our results can be used to obtain a family of positive slow-decay solutions for Steklov boundary value problems in exterior domains.