<p>The increasing contamination of aquatic environments by pharmaceuticals, particularly ciprofloxacin (CIP), has raised significant environmental concerns and driven the development of efficient water treatment technologies. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted growing attention due to their tunable structures and versatile properties, making them promising candidates for photocatalytic degradation applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MOF-based systems for CIP degradation, emphasizing their ability to harness visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It discusses how different synthesis methods and structural features—such as surface area, porosity, and band gap engineering—influence photocatalytic efficiency. Practical aspects, including catalyst stability, recyclability, and the effects of environmental parameters (e.g., pH and light intensity) on performance, are also analyzed. Furthermore, the review highlights existing challenges, such as structural instability and limited large-scale applicability, while outlining recent advances in hybrid materials and design strategies that may enhance both robustness and activity. Finally, potential future directions for integrating MOFs into sustainable and scalable water purification systems are proposed. </p> Graphical abstract <p></p>