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<p>Depression is frequently stated to cause cognitive deficits, though most studies evaluating cognitive performance in depression fail to account for performance validity. The present study investigated the associations of symptoms/diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) with objective neurocognitive performance before and after accounting for scores on multiple performance validity tests (PVTs).&#xa0;Five hundred eighty-five clinical outpatients referred for neuropsychological evaluation for assessment/diagnostic clarification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Patients completed a prospective test battery including the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), multiple freestanding and embedded PVTs, and multiple neurocognitive tests. Two MANOVAs compared cognitive performance across depressed and non-depressed examinees with valid data, and examinees with valid vs. invalid data. Spearman correlations and 13 hierarchical multiple linear regressions with BDI-II scores in block 1, freestanding PVTs in block 2, and embedded PVTs in block 3 with neurocognitive test performance as outcomes.&#xa0;MANOVAs showed depressed vs. non-depressed examinees did not meaningfully differ on neurocognitive tests, while those with valid vs. invalid data differed greatly. Depressive symptoms were not meaningfully associated with performance validity tests or the 13 cognitive performance variables. However, PVT scores shared 3.2% to 32.4% variance with cognitive performance.&#xa0;Neither diagnosis of MDD nor depressive symptoms were significantly associated with cognitive performance. Test engagement had strong associations with cognitive performance. The present study emphasizes the importance of accounting for performance validity when evaluating associations between depression and neurocognitive performance. </p>

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Test Engagement, not Depression, Is Associated with Neurocognitive Test Performance in a Sample of Adults Evaluated for ADHD

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Brian M. Cerny,
  • Elmma Khalid,
  • Mira I. Leese,
  • Alexa Halliburton,
  • Gabriel P. Ovsiew,
  • Devin M. Ulrich,
  • Matthew S. Phillips,
  • Zachary J. Resch,
  • Jason R. Soble

摘要

Depression is frequently stated to cause cognitive deficits, though most studies evaluating cognitive performance in depression fail to account for performance validity. The present study investigated the associations of symptoms/diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) with objective neurocognitive performance before and after accounting for scores on multiple performance validity tests (PVTs). Five hundred eighty-five clinical outpatients referred for neuropsychological evaluation for assessment/diagnostic clarification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Patients completed a prospective test battery including the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), multiple freestanding and embedded PVTs, and multiple neurocognitive tests. Two MANOVAs compared cognitive performance across depressed and non-depressed examinees with valid data, and examinees with valid vs. invalid data. Spearman correlations and 13 hierarchical multiple linear regressions with BDI-II scores in block 1, freestanding PVTs in block 2, and embedded PVTs in block 3 with neurocognitive test performance as outcomes. MANOVAs showed depressed vs. non-depressed examinees did not meaningfully differ on neurocognitive tests, while those with valid vs. invalid data differed greatly. Depressive symptoms were not meaningfully associated with performance validity tests or the 13 cognitive performance variables. However, PVT scores shared 3.2% to 32.4% variance with cognitive performance. Neither diagnosis of MDD nor depressive symptoms were significantly associated with cognitive performance. Test engagement had strong associations with cognitive performance. The present study emphasizes the importance of accounting for performance validity when evaluating associations between depression and neurocognitive performance.