<p>Cavitation vortex dynamics play a vital role in the hydraulic efficiency and reliability of Francis turbines, particularly under variable operating conditions. This study investigates the formation, evolution, and impact of cavitation-induced vortex rope within the turbine flow passages. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted to evaluate the interactions between pressure fluctuations, turbulence intensity, and vortex formation at different operating loads. By assessing the behavior of vortex rope under flexible operating conditions, the study aims to identify critical parameters that affect cavitation inception and propagation. Results indicate that low-pressure regions and flow instabilities contribute to the development of unsteady vortex structures, influencing hydraulic performance and operational efficiency. Furthermore, optimization strategies, such as flow control techniques and blade modifications, are explored to mitigate the adverse effects of cavitation. The findings offer valuable insights into enhancing turbine longevity and minimizing efficiency losses from cavitation vortex formation. This research enhances the understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities in Francis hydro turbines and supports the development of strategies to control cavitation effects, ensuring stable and highperformance turbine operations in varying hydraulic conditions.</p>