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<p>Severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods are widely used to enhance the mechanical properties of metals by refining their microstructure. However, many SPD techniques face limitations when processing long workpieces. This study explores the hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) process as a scalable alternative, applied to pure copper rods. The study proposes that HCEE, through the combination of high hydrostatic pressure and cyclic shear deformation, facilitates the formation of ultrafine-grained copper with improved mechanical strength. The rods underwent up to four HCEE passes at room temperature. Microstructural analysis showed grain refinement to an average size of 139 nm. Tensile testing revealed a 68 % increase in ultimate tensile strength (449 MPa), accompanied by reduced ductility. These findings confirm that HCEE is effective in strengthening and hardening copper. Unlike conventional SPD techniques, HCEE supports continuous, scalable processing without requiring external backpressure, making it a promising approach for industrial-scale applications.</p>

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper processed via hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • F. Samadpour,
  • A. Siahsarani,
  • Ghader Faraji

摘要

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods are widely used to enhance the mechanical properties of metals by refining their microstructure. However, many SPD techniques face limitations when processing long workpieces. This study explores the hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) process as a scalable alternative, applied to pure copper rods. The study proposes that HCEE, through the combination of high hydrostatic pressure and cyclic shear deformation, facilitates the formation of ultrafine-grained copper with improved mechanical strength. The rods underwent up to four HCEE passes at room temperature. Microstructural analysis showed grain refinement to an average size of 139 nm. Tensile testing revealed a 68 % increase in ultimate tensile strength (449 MPa), accompanied by reduced ductility. These findings confirm that HCEE is effective in strengthening and hardening copper. Unlike conventional SPD techniques, HCEE supports continuous, scalable processing without requiring external backpressure, making it a promising approach for industrial-scale applications.