Scholarlink

Background <p>The clinical translation of nanoparticles (NPs) for therapeutic applications is hindered significantly by unpredictable biodistribution in diseased patients, which results from the complex interplay between engineered physicochemical properties of NPs and specific changes in the function of biological barriers.</p> Methods <p>This review delves into the multifaceted factors that govern NP biodistribution, highlighting the critical roles of intrinsic NP design, including size, shape, and surface chemistry, along with host-specific physiological and pathological conditions. We overview how these properties can change systemic circulation, organ-specific accumulation, and clearance pathways. The role of surface functionalization in targeted delivery is examined through the lens of altered serum composition, which affects protein corona formation. Particular attention is given to immune response, whether pathogen/antigen-primed, macrophage–monocyte-mediated clearance, compromised biological barriers, and host-specific factors such as sex, age, drug exposure, and gut microbiome. Disease contexts, including cancer and viral infections, are considered to evaluate translational challenges.</p> Results <p>NP biodistribution is shaped by the interplay between engineered physicochemical properties and disease-associated biological changes. Intrinsic NP characteristics influence systemic circulation, organ-specific accumulation, and clearance pathways. Altered serum composition affects protein corona formation and immune responses, including overactivated or suppressed immune states. Compromised biological barriers, including increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, enhanced renal excretion, and reduced liver retention, further modify pharmacokinetic profiles. Host-specific variability and pathological conditions introduce additional complexity, creating unique barriers that passive targeting strategies often fail to overcome.</p> Conclusion <p>Developing a comprehensive grasp of these interrelated mechanisms is crucial for engineering NPs that can translate preclinical results into expected clinical outcomes, ultimately closing the gap between research innovation and patient care.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Nanoparticle–Host Interactions: The Impact of Physiological and Pathological Factors on Biodistribution, Immune Processes, and Translational Challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

查看全文
  • Louay Abo Qoura,
  • Dmitry Kostyushev,
  • Alessandro Parodi,
  • Daniel I. Boyarintsev,
  • Vladimir Chulanov,
  • Vadim S. Pokrovsky

摘要

Background

The clinical translation of nanoparticles (NPs) for therapeutic applications is hindered significantly by unpredictable biodistribution in diseased patients, which results from the complex interplay between engineered physicochemical properties of NPs and specific changes in the function of biological barriers.

Methods

This review delves into the multifaceted factors that govern NP biodistribution, highlighting the critical roles of intrinsic NP design, including size, shape, and surface chemistry, along with host-specific physiological and pathological conditions. We overview how these properties can change systemic circulation, organ-specific accumulation, and clearance pathways. The role of surface functionalization in targeted delivery is examined through the lens of altered serum composition, which affects protein corona formation. Particular attention is given to immune response, whether pathogen/antigen-primed, macrophage–monocyte-mediated clearance, compromised biological barriers, and host-specific factors such as sex, age, drug exposure, and gut microbiome. Disease contexts, including cancer and viral infections, are considered to evaluate translational challenges.

Results

NP biodistribution is shaped by the interplay between engineered physicochemical properties and disease-associated biological changes. Intrinsic NP characteristics influence systemic circulation, organ-specific accumulation, and clearance pathways. Altered serum composition affects protein corona formation and immune responses, including overactivated or suppressed immune states. Compromised biological barriers, including increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, enhanced renal excretion, and reduced liver retention, further modify pharmacokinetic profiles. Host-specific variability and pathological conditions introduce additional complexity, creating unique barriers that passive targeting strategies often fail to overcome.

Conclusion

Developing a comprehensive grasp of these interrelated mechanisms is crucial for engineering NPs that can translate preclinical results into expected clinical outcomes, ultimately closing the gap between research innovation and patient care.

Graphical Abstract