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<p>Orange peel (OP) is a relevant by-product of the citrus industry, rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid (AA), but its sustainable valorization requires green and efficient extraction strategies. In this study, six natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) selected via COSMOTherm solubility modelling were evaluated for the recovery of bioactive compounds from OP using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by a stirring treatment. The influence of sonication time (5–15 min), ultrasound power (100–400 W), and stirring time (0–45 min) was assessed by quantifying total phenolic content (TPC), AA, and antioxidant capacity, while monitoring energy consumption to ensure process sustainability. NADES showed solvent-dependent extraction behavior, with most systems following a rise–plateau pattern, indicating extraction equilibrium at 20–30 min of stirring, whereas prolonged treatment (45 min) offered minimal or inconsistent improvement despite markedly higher energy input. Considering extractive performance and energy efficiency, optimal conditions were defined as 10 min UAE at 100 W followed by 40 min stirring. Method validation under these conditions included the quantification of individual phenolic compounds and AA by HPLC-UV/VIS and antioxidant assessment by FRAP and ORAC. Among solvents, MA:Glu and LA:Glu yielded the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, while the extraction profiles confirmed the selectivity of NADES toward flavanones such as hesperidin and naringin. Overall, the study demonstrates that tailored NADES–UAE combinations constitute an effective and sustainable approach for recovering high-value antioxidants from orange peel, contributing to circular economy strategies and green extraction technologies.</p>

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Energy-Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Orange Peel Using COSMO-RS-Guided Selection of NADES

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Clara Gomez-Urios,
  • Clara Cortés,
  • Daniel Lopez-Malo,
  • María J. Esteve,
  • Jesus Blesa

摘要

Orange peel (OP) is a relevant by-product of the citrus industry, rich in phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid (AA), but its sustainable valorization requires green and efficient extraction strategies. In this study, six natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) selected via COSMOTherm solubility modelling were evaluated for the recovery of bioactive compounds from OP using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by a stirring treatment. The influence of sonication time (5–15 min), ultrasound power (100–400 W), and stirring time (0–45 min) was assessed by quantifying total phenolic content (TPC), AA, and antioxidant capacity, while monitoring energy consumption to ensure process sustainability. NADES showed solvent-dependent extraction behavior, with most systems following a rise–plateau pattern, indicating extraction equilibrium at 20–30 min of stirring, whereas prolonged treatment (45 min) offered minimal or inconsistent improvement despite markedly higher energy input. Considering extractive performance and energy efficiency, optimal conditions were defined as 10 min UAE at 100 W followed by 40 min stirring. Method validation under these conditions included the quantification of individual phenolic compounds and AA by HPLC-UV/VIS and antioxidant assessment by FRAP and ORAC. Among solvents, MA:Glu and LA:Glu yielded the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, while the extraction profiles confirmed the selectivity of NADES toward flavanones such as hesperidin and naringin. Overall, the study demonstrates that tailored NADES–UAE combinations constitute an effective and sustainable approach for recovering high-value antioxidants from orange peel, contributing to circular economy strategies and green extraction technologies.