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<p>Palm kernel oil refining requires efficient degumming to remove phospholipids that negatively impact oil quality and stability. The optimization of phospholipids removal and oil quality parameters with three factors: FCW concentration (0.05 – 0.15 w/w), temperature (80 – 100&#xa0;°C), and reaction time (10 – 20&#xa0;min) was studied using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology. The phosphorus content, of FCW-assisted deacidification, after degumming ranged from 8.58 – 42.62&#xa0;mg/g, while acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and saponification value also showed variations across experiments. Linear models were obtained for all responses and a significant lack of fit for phospholipids content and limited predictive power for most quality parameters were obtained. Experimental optimization identified optimal conditions at phosphoric acid concentration of 0.15 w/w, temperature of 80&#xa0;°C, and time of 10&#xa0;min, achieving a validated phosphorus content of 7.73&#xa0;mg/g (59.3% removal). In the case of FCW-assisted degumming, the best degumming performance was achieved at conditions of 80&#xa0;°C, 10&#xa0;min, and 0.15 w/w FCW, yielding 8.58&#xa0;mg/kg phosphorus (54.8% removal). The study demonstrates that FCW is an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly agent for degumming CPKO.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Response Surface Optimization of Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) Degumming and Oil Quality Parameters Using Fermented Cassava Water (FCW)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Adeyinka Idowu Alao,
  • Babatunde Kazeem Adeoye,
  • Sarah Olamide Braimoh,
  • Damilola Israel Onisile,
  • Tunde Isaac Ogedengbe,
  • Ugo Nwitte-Eze,
  • Elizabeth Boluwatife Olaleye

摘要

Palm kernel oil refining requires efficient degumming to remove phospholipids that negatively impact oil quality and stability. The optimization of phospholipids removal and oil quality parameters with three factors: FCW concentration (0.05 – 0.15 w/w), temperature (80 – 100 °C), and reaction time (10 – 20 min) was studied using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology. The phosphorus content, of FCW-assisted deacidification, after degumming ranged from 8.58 – 42.62 mg/g, while acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and saponification value also showed variations across experiments. Linear models were obtained for all responses and a significant lack of fit for phospholipids content and limited predictive power for most quality parameters were obtained. Experimental optimization identified optimal conditions at phosphoric acid concentration of 0.15 w/w, temperature of 80 °C, and time of 10 min, achieving a validated phosphorus content of 7.73 mg/g (59.3% removal). In the case of FCW-assisted degumming, the best degumming performance was achieved at conditions of 80 °C, 10 min, and 0.15 w/w FCW, yielding 8.58 mg/kg phosphorus (54.8% removal). The study demonstrates that FCW is an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly agent for degumming CPKO.

Graphical Abstract