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<p>The safety of poultry eggs is of considerable concern due to their nutritional significance and potential exposure to environmental contaminants. This study quantitatively evaluated essential and toxic heavy metals in industrial chicken, native chicken, and quail eggs collected from Kurdistan Province, Iran. It explored their associations with oxidative stress biomarkers and food safety indicators. A total of 300 egg samples were obtained through random cluster sampling. Yolk and albumen fractions were separated, dried, and subjected to acid digestion before analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Oxidative stress status was assessed by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) using spectrophotometric methods. Industrial chicken eggs exhibited significantly higher concentrations of toxic metals (arsenic and cadmium) than native chicken and quail eggs (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Metal accumulation was greater in yolk than in albumen (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). MDA levels positively correlated with total metal burden (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while CAT activity decreased significantly, and SOD activity moderately declined. Selenium showed a positive correlation with SOD activity and a negative correlation with MDA. Elevated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were observed for toxic elements, particularly arsenic, in industrial and native chicken eggs. Target Risk (TR) assessment indicated potential carcinogenic risks from arsenic, cadmium, and lead, with yolk presenting a higher risk due to greater accumulation. Quail eggs displayed comparatively favorable oxidative and safety profiles. These findings highlight the need for stringent monitoring of poultry feed, water, and husbandry conditions to minimize heavy metal exposure and ensure egg safety for consumers.</p>

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Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metals in Chicken and Quail Eggs and Their Association with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Food Safety Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Danial Pournajafi,
  • Mahdieh Raeeszadeh,
  • Hiva Karimi Darehabi

摘要

The safety of poultry eggs is of considerable concern due to their nutritional significance and potential exposure to environmental contaminants. This study quantitatively evaluated essential and toxic heavy metals in industrial chicken, native chicken, and quail eggs collected from Kurdistan Province, Iran. It explored their associations with oxidative stress biomarkers and food safety indicators. A total of 300 egg samples were obtained through random cluster sampling. Yolk and albumen fractions were separated, dried, and subjected to acid digestion before analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Oxidative stress status was assessed by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) using spectrophotometric methods. Industrial chicken eggs exhibited significantly higher concentrations of toxic metals (arsenic and cadmium) than native chicken and quail eggs (p < 0.01). Metal accumulation was greater in yolk than in albumen (p < 0.05). MDA levels positively correlated with total metal burden (p < 0.001), while CAT activity decreased significantly, and SOD activity moderately declined. Selenium showed a positive correlation with SOD activity and a negative correlation with MDA. Elevated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values were observed for toxic elements, particularly arsenic, in industrial and native chicken eggs. Target Risk (TR) assessment indicated potential carcinogenic risks from arsenic, cadmium, and lead, with yolk presenting a higher risk due to greater accumulation. Quail eggs displayed comparatively favorable oxidative and safety profiles. These findings highlight the need for stringent monitoring of poultry feed, water, and husbandry conditions to minimize heavy metal exposure and ensure egg safety for consumers.