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<p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound widely present in plastics and food packaging. Its leaching into food and water poses significant health risks, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable detection methods for environmental and public health protection. In this study, a BPA sensor was developed using nanochitosan (nCS) sourced from crab shells grafted onto polyaniline (PANI). The nCS-modified PANI (nCS-PANI) composite was synthesized using a chemical oxidative protocol and deposited on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) for BPA detection. The nCS-PANI composite was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirmed the successful integration of nCS onto PANI. A three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the detection response via cyclic voltammetry, considering nCS-PANI dosage, pH, and scan rate as the influencing factors. The best performance was achieved with 0.02&#xa0;g nCS‑PANI, pH 5, and a 100&#xa0;mV&#xa0;s⁻<sup>1</sup> scan rate. Under these conditions, the sensor displayed a linear response to BPA from 0.01 to 60&#xa0;µM and a detection limit of 9.59&#xa0;nM. The sensor exhibited excellent reusability for up to 10 cycles, showed excellent reproducibility, and selectivity against common interfering BPA analogs (5-hydroxy bisphenol-A (HBPA), bisphenol-S (BPS), tetrabromo bisphenol-A (TBBPA), and bisphenol-AF (BPAF)). Finally, the nCS-PANI sensor was successfully validated by detecting BPA in tap water, apple juice, commercial milk and baby-teether extract, with good recoveries obtained in all samples. Thus, the proposed sensor can be used for BPA detection in real food samples.</p>

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Facile Electrochemical Determination of Bisphenol A in Aqueous and Food Samples using Nanochitosan-Modified Polyaniline: An Optimization via Box-Behnken Design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Adrina Zulkifli,
  • Siti Nor Atika Baharin,
  • Norul Azilah Abdul Rahman,
  • Nur Rahimah Said,
  • Zainiharyati Mohd Zain,
  • Wan Jefrey Basirun,
  • Jaroon Jakmunee,
  • Jai Prakash,
  • Muggundha Raoov,
  • Prastika Krisma Jiwanti,
  • Kavirajaa Pandian Sambasevam

摘要

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound widely present in plastics and food packaging. Its leaching into food and water poses significant health risks, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable detection methods for environmental and public health protection. In this study, a BPA sensor was developed using nanochitosan (nCS) sourced from crab shells grafted onto polyaniline (PANI). The nCS-modified PANI (nCS-PANI) composite was synthesized using a chemical oxidative protocol and deposited on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) for BPA detection. The nCS-PANI composite was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirmed the successful integration of nCS onto PANI. A three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the detection response via cyclic voltammetry, considering nCS-PANI dosage, pH, and scan rate as the influencing factors. The best performance was achieved with 0.02 g nCS‑PANI, pH 5, and a 100 mV s⁻1 scan rate. Under these conditions, the sensor displayed a linear response to BPA from 0.01 to 60 µM and a detection limit of 9.59 nM. The sensor exhibited excellent reusability for up to 10 cycles, showed excellent reproducibility, and selectivity against common interfering BPA analogs (5-hydroxy bisphenol-A (HBPA), bisphenol-S (BPS), tetrabromo bisphenol-A (TBBPA), and bisphenol-AF (BPAF)). Finally, the nCS-PANI sensor was successfully validated by detecting BPA in tap water, apple juice, commercial milk and baby-teether extract, with good recoveries obtained in all samples. Thus, the proposed sensor can be used for BPA detection in real food samples.