<p>Germination of foodborne spores can produce toxins that pose serious risks to human health, making their specific identification and digital detection essential. In this study, a fluorescence–surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) dual-mode probe based on europium ion-modified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs–Eu³⁺) was developed for rapid and accurate detection of foodborne spores. The probe utilizes the energy transfer between pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) and Eu³⁺, generating characteristic red fluorescence with high specificity and anti-interference capability. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were employed for qualitative identification and classification of spores, while quantitative models were established. The fluorescence detection limits for <i>Clostridium sporogenes</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis,</i> and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> spores were 4.04 × 10⁴, 3.71 × 10⁴, and 2.94 × 10⁴&#xa0;cfu/mL, respectively, and the corresponding SERS detection limits were 2.7, 1.2, and 1.3&#xa0;cfu/mL. All spores were successfully differentiated, with an accuracy nearing 100%, based on the current dataset. Validation using milk and tap water samples showed fluorescence and SERS recoveries of 95.17%–100.52% and 98.82%–101.22%, respectively, with relative standard deviations below 5%. The developed dual-mode AgNPs–Eu³⁺ probe demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability for foodborne spore detection.</p>