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<p>Food safety is critically linked to human health, necessitating advanced monitoring of biogenic amines (BAs), key biomarkers of food freshness. Here, a supramolecular fluorescence probe was developed using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) encapsulated nitro-spiropyran (SP), for ultra-sensitive sensing of histamine. Hydrophobic interactions drive the closed-loop SP into the SBE-β-CD cavity, forming a non-fluorescent complex (SBE-β-CD@SP). Upon histamine introduction, competitive displacement ejects SP from the cavity. The liberated SP undergoes rapid ring-opening under 365-nm UV excitation to form fluorescent merocyanine (MC), emitting the fluorescence signal. This turn-on response enables quantitative detection of histamine, exhibiting a linear range of 10–70&#xa0;nM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.996) with a low detection limit of 0.069&#xa0;nM. The probe demonstrated high selectivity over interfering amines and achieved 94.2–97.9% recovery in spiked fish samples, validating real-world utility. This work establishes a host–guest displacement-based sensing strategy via histamine-triggered MC activation, which exhibits potential applicability to fish freshness assessment. By integrating supramolecular chemistry with nanomaterial design, this probe offers a novel approach for food safety monitoring.</p>

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Fluorescence Turn-on Detection of Food Freshness Triggered by Competitive Displacement: Determination of Histamine Content in Fish

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Xueling Cao,
  • Guohui Li,
  • Danfeng He,
  • Fei Li

摘要

Food safety is critically linked to human health, necessitating advanced monitoring of biogenic amines (BAs), key biomarkers of food freshness. Here, a supramolecular fluorescence probe was developed using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) encapsulated nitro-spiropyran (SP), for ultra-sensitive sensing of histamine. Hydrophobic interactions drive the closed-loop SP into the SBE-β-CD cavity, forming a non-fluorescent complex (SBE-β-CD@SP). Upon histamine introduction, competitive displacement ejects SP from the cavity. The liberated SP undergoes rapid ring-opening under 365-nm UV excitation to form fluorescent merocyanine (MC), emitting the fluorescence signal. This turn-on response enables quantitative detection of histamine, exhibiting a linear range of 10–70 nM (R2 = 0.996) with a low detection limit of 0.069 nM. The probe demonstrated high selectivity over interfering amines and achieved 94.2–97.9% recovery in spiked fish samples, validating real-world utility. This work establishes a host–guest displacement-based sensing strategy via histamine-triggered MC activation, which exhibits potential applicability to fish freshness assessment. By integrating supramolecular chemistry with nanomaterial design, this probe offers a novel approach for food safety monitoring.