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<p>The novel grape cultivar BRS Carmem (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) is highly productive and rich in anthocyanins, yet its potential for natural colorant production remains underexplored at that time. This study optimized a green extraction method using a 2<sup>3</sup> multivariate experimental design, evaluating temperature, solvent volume, and extraction time. Citric acid (2% m/v in water) was selected as a non-toxic alternative that best extracted the pigments from the grape. The optimized conditions (64 °C, 90 mL solution, and 5 min) yielded 1061.68 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside per 100 g of peel. The extract exhibited high reducing capacity (3312.76 mg citric acid eq./100 g of peel) and significant antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> spp., and <i>Escherichia coli.</i> Toxicity assessment using <i>Galleria mellonella</i> indicated an LD₅₀ of 4.8 g/kg body weight. This cost-effective, eco-friendly method produces an anthocyanin-rich extract with strong bioactivity, reinforcing its potential for natural colorant production and functional food applications.</p>

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Green Extraction of Anthocyanins from the Novel Anthocyanin-Rich BRS Carmem Grape: Multivariate Optimization, Bioactivity, Antimicrobial Potential, and Galleria mellonella Toxicity Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月20日

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  • Laura de Vasconcelos Costa,
  • Glória Caroline Paz Gonçalves,
  • Taila Nicole Mesquita Peres,
  • Alexandra Lizandra Gomes Rosas,
  • Helen Cristina dos Santos Hackbart,
  • Rosângela Assis Jacques,
  • Eliezer Avila Gandra,
  • Adriana Dillenburg Meinhart,
  • Cesar Valmor Rombaldi,
  • Leonardo Nora

摘要

The novel grape cultivar BRS Carmem (Vitis vinifera L.) is highly productive and rich in anthocyanins, yet its potential for natural colorant production remains underexplored at that time. This study optimized a green extraction method using a 23 multivariate experimental design, evaluating temperature, solvent volume, and extraction time. Citric acid (2% m/v in water) was selected as a non-toxic alternative that best extracted the pigments from the grape. The optimized conditions (64 °C, 90 mL solution, and 5 min) yielded 1061.68 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside per 100 g of peel. The extract exhibited high reducing capacity (3312.76 mg citric acid eq./100 g of peel) and significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli. Toxicity assessment using Galleria mellonella indicated an LD₅₀ of 4.8 g/kg body weight. This cost-effective, eco-friendly method produces an anthocyanin-rich extract with strong bioactivity, reinforcing its potential for natural colorant production and functional food applications.