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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has led to significant interest in the development of solid biofuels from biomass. This study employed cassava peel (CP), pine bark (PB), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), and water hyacinth (WH). An integrated method combining microwave-assisted torrefaction (300&#xa0;°C, 30&#xa0;min) with subsequent densification (170&#xa0;°C, 21.7&#xa0;MPa, 3&#xa0;min 45&#xa0;s) was employed to produce torrefied raw material (T-Raw) and torrefied bio-coke (T-BiC). PB has the highest lignin content (44.90%), fixed carbon (27.80%), and elemental carbon (50.12%), whereas WH has the lowest at 8.01%, 13.80%, and 34.41%, respectively. All T-Raw and T-BiC products have a black appearance, indicating a successful torrefaction process. In all variations, the torrefaction process reduces the volatile matter (marked by the presence of two peaks at 300–450&#xa0;°C from the DTA curve) and simultaneously augments the fixed carbon. The highest yield is also nominated by PB (83.56%). Torrefaction also alleviates apparent density and compressive strength by 6.31–23.71% and 35.46–83.50%, respectively. In contrast, the process signifies calorific value by 10.80-26.71%. Considering the potential, T-BiC from all variations has properties that exceed standard requirements, except for ash content. Therefore, future studies should consider product refinement methods through acid washing. The government also needs to create policies to support product use as an alternative solid biofuel.</p>

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Synthesis and Characterization of Torrefied Bio-Coke from Lignocellulosic Biomass via Microwave-Assisted Torrefaction and Densification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Fatimah Azizah Riyadi,
  • Aryo Fandi Raga,
  • Chelyn Alicia Liem,
  • Fathin Yulia Safira,
  • Nur Syahirah Kamal Baharin,
  • Soen Steven,
  • Hirofumi Hara,
  • Tamio Ida,
  • Intan Clarissa Sophiana

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has led to significant interest in the development of solid biofuels from biomass. This study employed cassava peel (CP), pine bark (PB), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), and water hyacinth (WH). An integrated method combining microwave-assisted torrefaction (300 °C, 30 min) with subsequent densification (170 °C, 21.7 MPa, 3 min 45 s) was employed to produce torrefied raw material (T-Raw) and torrefied bio-coke (T-BiC). PB has the highest lignin content (44.90%), fixed carbon (27.80%), and elemental carbon (50.12%), whereas WH has the lowest at 8.01%, 13.80%, and 34.41%, respectively. All T-Raw and T-BiC products have a black appearance, indicating a successful torrefaction process. In all variations, the torrefaction process reduces the volatile matter (marked by the presence of two peaks at 300–450 °C from the DTA curve) and simultaneously augments the fixed carbon. The highest yield is also nominated by PB (83.56%). Torrefaction also alleviates apparent density and compressive strength by 6.31–23.71% and 35.46–83.50%, respectively. In contrast, the process signifies calorific value by 10.80-26.71%. Considering the potential, T-BiC from all variations has properties that exceed standard requirements, except for ash content. Therefore, future studies should consider product refinement methods through acid washing. The government also needs to create policies to support product use as an alternative solid biofuel.