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<p>The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products through pyrolysis offers significant potential for sustainable agriculture; however, studies on the integrated production of biochar and liquid smoke from <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties, structural features, and chemical composition of biochar and liquid smoke produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350–550&#xa0;°C) to identify optimal conditions for generating high-quality agricultural amendments. The results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature significantly altered the characteristics of both products. Biochar yield decreased with temperature, yet carbonization increased, accompanied by higher pH, reduced volatile matter, and enhanced aromaticity. The highest water holding capacity (WHC) and substantial micropore development were observed at 450&#xa0;°C, indicating improved structural suitability for soil applications. Liquid smoke exhibited a decrease in yield but a marked increase in phenolic enrichment with temperature. GC–MS analysis confirmed temperature-driven shifts in chemical composition, with higher temperatures favoring phenolic compounds derived from lignin depolymerization, while lower temperatures contained more sugar-derived oxygenates. Overall, the study identifies 450–500&#xa0;°C as the optimal pyrolysis window for producing high-quality <i>N. cadamba</i> biochar with enhanced porosity and water retention, and liquid smoke with the richest phenolic profile. These findings highlight <i>N. cadamba</i> as a promising feedstock for generating dual bio-products that support soil improvement, natural biopesticide development, and broader circular bioeconomy initiatives.</p>

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Unlocking the Biorefinery Potential of Neolamarckia cadamba: Temperature-Dependent Engineering of Biochar and Liquid Smoke

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Anne Hadiyane,
  • Anca Awal Sembada,
  • Alfi Rumidatul,
  • Dadang Sumardi,
  • Gustan Pari,
  • Amanda Insanimuna,
  • Aurell Chanaya Putri,
  • Alifia Jilan Dini Nuraisyah

摘要

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products through pyrolysis offers significant potential for sustainable agriculture; however, studies on the integrated production of biochar and liquid smoke from Neolamarckia cadamba remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties, structural features, and chemical composition of biochar and liquid smoke produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350–550 °C) to identify optimal conditions for generating high-quality agricultural amendments. The results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature significantly altered the characteristics of both products. Biochar yield decreased with temperature, yet carbonization increased, accompanied by higher pH, reduced volatile matter, and enhanced aromaticity. The highest water holding capacity (WHC) and substantial micropore development were observed at 450 °C, indicating improved structural suitability for soil applications. Liquid smoke exhibited a decrease in yield but a marked increase in phenolic enrichment with temperature. GC–MS analysis confirmed temperature-driven shifts in chemical composition, with higher temperatures favoring phenolic compounds derived from lignin depolymerization, while lower temperatures contained more sugar-derived oxygenates. Overall, the study identifies 450–500 °C as the optimal pyrolysis window for producing high-quality N. cadamba biochar with enhanced porosity and water retention, and liquid smoke with the richest phenolic profile. These findings highlight N. cadamba as a promising feedstock for generating dual bio-products that support soil improvement, natural biopesticide development, and broader circular bioeconomy initiatives.