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<p>The valorization of fruit peel waste through microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis (MACP) offers a sustainable pathway for producing high-performance functional materials. This study employed a Central Composite Design (CCD) and multi-objective desirability function to engineer biochars tailored for soil amendment (BCop-bf) and pollutant adsorption (BCop-ads). Synergistic effect analysis provided empirical evidence of the superiority of biomass blending, showing significant gains in nitrogen (15.77%), phosphorus (14.29%), and oxygen-containing functional groups (15.44%) compared to theoretical additive values. Optimization for BCop-bf (212.3&#xa0;°C) maximized macronutrient retention (7.93% N, 7.62% K), while BCop-ads (259.4&#xa0;°C) yielded a matrix with high surface functionality (3.44 mmol/g of OFG). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) of the optimized products confirmed high thermal recalcitrance, with residual masses exceeding 50% at 800&#xa0;°C, ensuring long-term carbon stability. Although the BET surface area was modest (10.84&#xa0;m²/g), textural analysis revealed a predominantly mesoporous structure (pore size of 2.94&#xa0;nm) that, combined with a versatile point of zero charge (pHpzc = 8.0), facilitates mass transfer and multi-mechanism adsorption. This dual-optimization strategy validates MACP as a robust technology for converting environmental liabilities into application-specific resources for the circular bioeconomy.</p>

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Valorization of Fruit Peel Waste via Microwave-Assisted Co-Pyrolysis: Dual-Optimized Biochar Production for Soil Amendment and Pollutant Adsorption

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Calton J. Dinis,
  • Reginaldo J. Cavallaro,
  • Lúcio V. C. Girão,
  • Claudio R. Duarte,
  • Marcos A.S. Barrozo

摘要

The valorization of fruit peel waste through microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis (MACP) offers a sustainable pathway for producing high-performance functional materials. This study employed a Central Composite Design (CCD) and multi-objective desirability function to engineer biochars tailored for soil amendment (BCop-bf) and pollutant adsorption (BCop-ads). Synergistic effect analysis provided empirical evidence of the superiority of biomass blending, showing significant gains in nitrogen (15.77%), phosphorus (14.29%), and oxygen-containing functional groups (15.44%) compared to theoretical additive values. Optimization for BCop-bf (212.3 °C) maximized macronutrient retention (7.93% N, 7.62% K), while BCop-ads (259.4 °C) yielded a matrix with high surface functionality (3.44 mmol/g of OFG). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) of the optimized products confirmed high thermal recalcitrance, with residual masses exceeding 50% at 800 °C, ensuring long-term carbon stability. Although the BET surface area was modest (10.84 m²/g), textural analysis revealed a predominantly mesoporous structure (pore size of 2.94 nm) that, combined with a versatile point of zero charge (pHpzc = 8.0), facilitates mass transfer and multi-mechanism adsorption. This dual-optimization strategy validates MACP as a robust technology for converting environmental liabilities into application-specific resources for the circular bioeconomy.