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<p>Parboiled rice milling generated phenol-rich wastewater and rice husk, creating environmental risks but offering biogas potential—addressing this challenge was essential for sustainable agro-industrial waste management. This study investigated the kinetic performance, energy balance, and economic feasibility of biochar-assisted anaerobic co-digestion (BC-ACoD) of parboiled rice mill wastewater (PRMWW) and rice straw (RS). Fecal sludge-derived biochar was optimized in terms of particle size and dosage to simultaneously adsorb inhibitory phenolic compounds and enhance methanogenesis. Biochar size 300–150&#xa0;μm fraction and 6&#xa0;g/L dosage delivering the best biomethane performance. Batch anaerobic digestion tests and kinetic modeling using first-order and modified Gompertz equations demonstrated that biochar addition increased ultimate methane potential and production rates, while maintaining process stability. An energy balance was developed that accounted for RS chopping, transportation, wastewater heating to mesophilic conditions, heat losses, and biochar production, expressed per unit of volatile solids (VS). The analysis showed that conventional ACoD of PRMWW and RS yielded an energy ratio of 1.03, whereas BC-ACoD improved the energy ratio to 1.14, with total energy outputs of 1107.5 and 1217.5 kWh/Mg VS, respectively. In contrast, mono-digestion of RS and PRMWW alone exhibited energy ratios of 0.34 and 0.21 and negative net energy, highlighting their limited feasibility as standalone options. Overall, the findings confirmed that integrating optimized biochar into ACoD of PRMWW and RS enabled phenol control, higher methane recovery, and a positive net energy gain of 143.51 kWh/Mg VS, supporting decentralized, circular waste-to-energy applications in rice-processing industries.</p>

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Optimizing Biochar for Phenol Mitigation and Methane Enhancement in Rice Mill Waste Co-Digestion

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Nagarjuna Kandagatla,
  • Sridhar Pilli,
  • Polisetty Venkateswara Rao,
  • R. D. Tyagi

摘要

Parboiled rice milling generated phenol-rich wastewater and rice husk, creating environmental risks but offering biogas potential—addressing this challenge was essential for sustainable agro-industrial waste management. This study investigated the kinetic performance, energy balance, and economic feasibility of biochar-assisted anaerobic co-digestion (BC-ACoD) of parboiled rice mill wastewater (PRMWW) and rice straw (RS). Fecal sludge-derived biochar was optimized in terms of particle size and dosage to simultaneously adsorb inhibitory phenolic compounds and enhance methanogenesis. Biochar size 300–150 μm fraction and 6 g/L dosage delivering the best biomethane performance. Batch anaerobic digestion tests and kinetic modeling using first-order and modified Gompertz equations demonstrated that biochar addition increased ultimate methane potential and production rates, while maintaining process stability. An energy balance was developed that accounted for RS chopping, transportation, wastewater heating to mesophilic conditions, heat losses, and biochar production, expressed per unit of volatile solids (VS). The analysis showed that conventional ACoD of PRMWW and RS yielded an energy ratio of 1.03, whereas BC-ACoD improved the energy ratio to 1.14, with total energy outputs of 1107.5 and 1217.5 kWh/Mg VS, respectively. In contrast, mono-digestion of RS and PRMWW alone exhibited energy ratios of 0.34 and 0.21 and negative net energy, highlighting their limited feasibility as standalone options. Overall, the findings confirmed that integrating optimized biochar into ACoD of PRMWW and RS enabled phenol control, higher methane recovery, and a positive net energy gain of 143.51 kWh/Mg VS, supporting decentralized, circular waste-to-energy applications in rice-processing industries.