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<p>Groundwater level variations induce aquifer–system deformation, either elastic or inelastic, which can be assessed through stress‒strain curves. These curves, which represent piezometric level variations against ground deformation, provide key insights into the mechanical behaviour of aquifer systems and allow the estimation of storage coefficients. Traditionally, their interpretation relies on visual assessment, making it subjective and time-consuming. This work presents 2&#xa0;S-TOOL, an open-access MATLAB© application that automates stress‒strain curve analysis and storage coefficient estimation, reducing manual effort and bias. The tool integrates groundwater level data from observation wells and ground deformation measurements from in situ or remote sensing techniques, automatically identifying elastic and inelastic segments and calculating the <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\varvec{S}}_{\varvec{k}\varvec{e}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\varvec{S}}_{\varvec{k}\varvec{v}}\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> coefficients. 2&#xa0;S-TOOL has been tested via real-world case studies, which demonstrate its ability to streamline analysis and improve consistency. The software provides a reproducible, efficient, and objective method for stress‒strain curve interpretation, enhancing hydrogeological modelling and groundwater management applications.</p>

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2S-TOOL: a new open-access tool for the automatic analysis of stress‒strain curves for aquifer system characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月9日

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  • María I. Navarro-Hernández,
  • Sergio García-Pozo,
  • Javier Valdes-Abellan,
  • Roberto Tomás

摘要

Groundwater level variations induce aquifer–system deformation, either elastic or inelastic, which can be assessed through stress‒strain curves. These curves, which represent piezometric level variations against ground deformation, provide key insights into the mechanical behaviour of aquifer systems and allow the estimation of storage coefficients. Traditionally, their interpretation relies on visual assessment, making it subjective and time-consuming. This work presents 2 S-TOOL, an open-access MATLAB© application that automates stress‒strain curve analysis and storage coefficient estimation, reducing manual effort and bias. The tool integrates groundwater level data from observation wells and ground deformation measurements from in situ or remote sensing techniques, automatically identifying elastic and inelastic segments and calculating the \(\:{\varvec{S}}_{\varvec{k}\varvec{e}}\) and \(\:{\varvec{S}}_{\varvec{k}\varvec{v}}\:\) coefficients. 2 S-TOOL has been tested via real-world case studies, which demonstrate its ability to streamline analysis and improve consistency. The software provides a reproducible, efficient, and objective method for stress‒strain curve interpretation, enhancing hydrogeological modelling and groundwater management applications.