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<p>Social media addiction has been increasingly recognized as a behavioral condition associated with adverse psychological outcomes; however, evidence regarding the cross-cultural validity of its assessment instruments remains limited, particularly in Latin America. This cross-sectional study examined the psychometric properties of the CARS-R using network analysis in samples from four Latin American countries. A total sample of 1,692 participants between the ages of 18 and 40 was collected from the following countries: Chile (<i>n</i> = 353), Colombia (<i>n</i> = 467), Ecuador (<i>n</i> = 373) and Peru (<i>n</i> = 499). The Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) revealed that the items form a community composed of nine nodes with moderate to large network loading values in the four countries. The UVA analysis showed that all items are relevant to the network model in all countries analyzed. Evidence of structural consistency and item stability was also found, with the items being stable and systematically organized into a single community across all countries. Furthermore, the bootEGA analysis showed that CARS-R shows metric invariance according to the country of origin, except between the countries of Chile ̶ Perú and Chile ̶ Ecuador, where some items are significantly different between the mentioned countries. These findings suggest that the CARS-R is a valid and reliable tool for assessing social media addiction across Latin American countries, with minor cultural variations in Chile likely reflecting regional differences in digital culture. Future studies should explore its predictive validity and longitudinal stability in diverse Latin American contexts.</p>

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Psychometric performance of the social networks addiction risk questionnaire (CARS‑R): a cross-cultural study in four Latin American countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Lindsey W. Vilca,
  • Aaron Travezaño-Cabrera,
  • Claudio Rojas-Jara,
  • Rodrigo Moreta-Herrera,
  • Diana Ximena Puerta-Cortés,
  • Martin Noe-Grijalva,
  • Daniel E. Yupanqui-Lorenzo,
  • Sergio Chacón-Armijo,
  • Evelyn Cuesta-Andaluz

摘要

Social media addiction has been increasingly recognized as a behavioral condition associated with adverse psychological outcomes; however, evidence regarding the cross-cultural validity of its assessment instruments remains limited, particularly in Latin America. This cross-sectional study examined the psychometric properties of the CARS-R using network analysis in samples from four Latin American countries. A total sample of 1,692 participants between the ages of 18 and 40 was collected from the following countries: Chile (n = 353), Colombia (n = 467), Ecuador (n = 373) and Peru (n = 499). The Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) revealed that the items form a community composed of nine nodes with moderate to large network loading values in the four countries. The UVA analysis showed that all items are relevant to the network model in all countries analyzed. Evidence of structural consistency and item stability was also found, with the items being stable and systematically organized into a single community across all countries. Furthermore, the bootEGA analysis showed that CARS-R shows metric invariance according to the country of origin, except between the countries of Chile ̶ Perú and Chile ̶ Ecuador, where some items are significantly different between the mentioned countries. These findings suggest that the CARS-R is a valid and reliable tool for assessing social media addiction across Latin American countries, with minor cultural variations in Chile likely reflecting regional differences in digital culture. Future studies should explore its predictive validity and longitudinal stability in diverse Latin American contexts.