<p>Recently, there has been significant interest in mental health recovery following adversities, emphasizing the importance of maintaining executive functions to foster resilience. In contrast to conventional self-report measures, the present study used the event-related potential (ERP) technique and the residual method to explore the relationship between the working memory subprocesses and outcome-oriented resilience. Forty-four college students participated in this study. After completing the working memory task in the EEG laboratory, participants were asked to complete a daily follow-up questionnaire for one month to assess outcome-oriented resilience using the residual method. The results revealed that the P2 amplitude negatively predicted outcome-oriented resilience, suggesting that individuals with decreased neural activity and increased neural efficiency may have higher levels of resilience. Additionally, the mean amplitude of the P3 component positively predicted outcome-oriented resilience, indicating enhanced context updating capacity, which may facilitate the recovery of mental well-being following adversity. The findings of this study provide novel support for the neural efficiency hypothesis and the neural dual-process account, and enhancing our comprehension of the association between executive function and outcome-oriented resilience.</p>