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<p>This study sought to develop the Loneliness and Solitude Scale (LSS) a scale intended&#xa0;to assess and differentiate loneliness and solitude. The loneliness dimension analyses&#xa0;how often an individual perceives being on their own as negative, unsatisfactory, and&#xa0;distressful; the solitude dimension refers to the frequency with which someone&#xa0;interprets their solitary moment as something positive, valuable, and pleasing. The&#xa0;collected sample for this research was comprised of 724 Portuguese speakers’ adults,&#xa0;demonstrating adequate psychometric indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor&#xa0;analysis showed the two dimensions, as expected. The results also indicate that the&#xa0;levels of Loneliness and Solitude are not dependent on gender, academic background,&#xa0;and age. In addition, the associations between the two factors of the LSS and emotion&#xa0;regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress corroborate previous literature findings.&#xa0;Cluster analysis allowed for further analysis, showing that stress, when controlling for&#xa0;emotional regulation, seems to have a weak effect on loneliness, a fact that is under&#xa0;some dispute in the current literature. This paper was able to develop and validate a&#xa0;unique measure of loneliness and solitude, centered around the unique characteristics&#xa0;of how individuals make use of their time spent alone. Future studies should attempt to&#xa0;compare this measure with other similar scales.</p>

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Development and validation of the loneliness and solitude scale (LSS)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月18日

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  • Roberto Chiodelli,
  • Vivien Iacob,
  • Ilana Andretta,
  • Tamara Russell,
  • Luana Thereza Nesi de Mello,
  • João Nuno Ribeiro Viseu,
  • João Paulo Antunes,
  • Saúl Neves de Jesus

摘要

This study sought to develop the Loneliness and Solitude Scale (LSS) a scale intended to assess and differentiate loneliness and solitude. The loneliness dimension analyses how often an individual perceives being on their own as negative, unsatisfactory, and distressful; the solitude dimension refers to the frequency with which someone interprets their solitary moment as something positive, valuable, and pleasing. The collected sample for this research was comprised of 724 Portuguese speakers’ adults, demonstrating adequate psychometric indicators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed the two dimensions, as expected. The results also indicate that the levels of Loneliness and Solitude are not dependent on gender, academic background, and age. In addition, the associations between the two factors of the LSS and emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress corroborate previous literature findings. Cluster analysis allowed for further analysis, showing that stress, when controlling for emotional regulation, seems to have a weak effect on loneliness, a fact that is under some dispute in the current literature. This paper was able to develop and validate a unique measure of loneliness and solitude, centered around the unique characteristics of how individuals make use of their time spent alone. Future studies should attempt to compare this measure with other similar scales.