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<p>Chinese calligraphic handwriting (CCH) is a traditional yet novel therapeutic approach that requires further attention and investigation. In this study, we explored the impact of the presence of others in group settings on the therapeutic effect of CCH in stress reduction and whether watching and being watched by others would increase social comparison and fear of negative evaluation. We recruited 56 participants and randomly assigned them to one of four different conditions: participants could either watch others or not, and be watched by others or not during the writing process. Results showed that both watching and being watched by others significantly undermined the stress reduction effect of CCH. Watching others led to increased social comparison and fear of negative evaluation, while being watched resulted in an increased fear of negative evaluation. Additionally, social comparison and fear of negative evaluation jointly contributed to less stress reduction caused by watching others. These results demonstrate that the application of CCH in group settings should consider the potential influences and psychological activities arising from the presence of others.</p>

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Watching and being watched undermine stress reduction in Chinese calligraphy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月6日

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  • Xiaoting YU,
  • Wing Tung AU

摘要

Chinese calligraphic handwriting (CCH) is a traditional yet novel therapeutic approach that requires further attention and investigation. In this study, we explored the impact of the presence of others in group settings on the therapeutic effect of CCH in stress reduction and whether watching and being watched by others would increase social comparison and fear of negative evaluation. We recruited 56 participants and randomly assigned them to one of four different conditions: participants could either watch others or not, and be watched by others or not during the writing process. Results showed that both watching and being watched by others significantly undermined the stress reduction effect of CCH. Watching others led to increased social comparison and fear of negative evaluation, while being watched resulted in an increased fear of negative evaluation. Additionally, social comparison and fear of negative evaluation jointly contributed to less stress reduction caused by watching others. These results demonstrate that the application of CCH in group settings should consider the potential influences and psychological activities arising from the presence of others.