<p>Sleep problems have evolved from health and psychological concerns into a pervasive societal issue. This study used latent profile analysis and network analysis to examine the subgroups and network structure of adolescent sleep problems and related psychosocial factors and compared the differences in sleep problem networks among students at different educational stages. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 5,520 students from 22 schools in Zhejiang provinces, China. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) The problem of insufficient sleep among adolescents is widespread, with most students failing to meet the sleep duration standards recommended by the Ministry of Education, particularly on school days. (2) The latent profile analysis of sleep problems and related psychosocial factors revealed two distinct groups: a low-risk group and a high-risk group. (3) The three nodes with the highest expected influence were depression, anxiety, and adverse childhood experiences, and the factors most closely connected to school day sleep duration were Internet addiction, peer relationships, and academic burden. (4) There were significant differences in the network structure of sleep problems among students at different educational stages. These differences reflected the specific sleep problems and potential influencing factors faced by adolescents at different stages. The research results emphasize that improving adolescent sleep health requires multidimensional and differentiated intervention strategies.</p>