<p>Resilience is a key factor that enables adolescents to cope with stress and adapt to life’s challenges, and physical activity within the school environment is regarded as a means of fostering its development. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of a physical activity program on the development of resilience in adolescents within a school setting. The study involved 200 adolescents from Chengdu, aged 12 to 17, who were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group participated in a specially designed 12-week physical activity program, while the control group engaged in games unrelated to physical activity. To measure the level of resilience, the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25) was used and administered to participants at the pre-test and post-test stages. The results of the analysis indicated that the resilience level in the experimental group significantly increased after completing the program (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001, d = 2.17), while no changes were observed in the control group (<i>p</i> = 0.533, d = 0.09). These findings confirm that the physical activity program has a statistically significant positive impact on the development of resilience in adolescents. The study highlights the importance of using structured physical activity programs to enhance the psychological resilience of adolescents. It is expected that implementing such programs in school physical education can contribute to improving adolescents’ physical well-being and their ability to cope with life’s challenges.</p>