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<p>Long COVID (LC) is a prevalent condition among SARS-CoV-2 infections. Yet, in-depth research on adverse stress responses in LC remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to investigate chronic stress and post-traumatic stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic specifically experienced in LC, as both have been suggested to interplay with the manifestation of LC. Using data from <i>N</i>=549 participants in an online survey (<i>n</i><sub>female</sub>=349, <i>n</i><sub>male</sub>=199, <i>n</i><sub>diverse</sub>=1; age: <i>M</i>=39.24, <i>SD</i>=16.58), we compared three subgroups regarding chronic stress and COVID-19-related traumatic stress as primary outcomes, and psychological distress as secondary outcome: 1) participants with LC (<i>n</i>=283), 2) participants with past COVID-19 without LC (<i>n</i>=102), and 3) participants without past COVID-19 (<i>n</i>=164). In addition, we fitted a binary logistic regression model to examine factors associated with LC. Participants with LC reported elevated levels across all outcomes compared to the other subgroups (<i>d</i>=0.57-1.24, <i>p</i> &lt; .001-.008), which did not significantly differ from each other. Female gender (<i>OR</i>: 7.772, <i>p</i> &lt; .001) and symptomatic acute COVID-19 emerged as risk factors for LC (<i>OR</i>: 2.776-7.951, <i>p</i> &lt; .001-.036), while a completed primary COVID-19 vaccination series acted as a protective factor for LC (<i>OR</i>: 0.481, <i>p</i> &lt; .025). The duration of LC symptoms revealed no significant association with the outcomes examined. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of factors influencing health in LC, notably identifying an increased susceptibility to chronic stress and COVID-19-related traumatic stress within LC. Future treatment approaches are encouraged to include psychological interventions with stress and trauma focused elements.</p>

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Chronic stress and post-traumatic stress in long COVID: a comparative survey study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月5日

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  • Sofia-Marie Oehlke,
  • Annika Lozar,
  • Andreas Goreis,
  • Diana Klinger,
  • Paul L. Plener,
  • Oswald D. Kothgassner

摘要

Long COVID (LC) is a prevalent condition among SARS-CoV-2 infections. Yet, in-depth research on adverse stress responses in LC remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to investigate chronic stress and post-traumatic stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic specifically experienced in LC, as both have been suggested to interplay with the manifestation of LC. Using data from N=549 participants in an online survey (nfemale=349, nmale=199, ndiverse=1; age: M=39.24, SD=16.58), we compared three subgroups regarding chronic stress and COVID-19-related traumatic stress as primary outcomes, and psychological distress as secondary outcome: 1) participants with LC (n=283), 2) participants with past COVID-19 without LC (n=102), and 3) participants without past COVID-19 (n=164). In addition, we fitted a binary logistic regression model to examine factors associated with LC. Participants with LC reported elevated levels across all outcomes compared to the other subgroups (d=0.57-1.24, p < .001-.008), which did not significantly differ from each other. Female gender (OR: 7.772, p < .001) and symptomatic acute COVID-19 emerged as risk factors for LC (OR: 2.776-7.951, p < .001-.036), while a completed primary COVID-19 vaccination series acted as a protective factor for LC (OR: 0.481, p < .025). The duration of LC symptoms revealed no significant association with the outcomes examined. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of factors influencing health in LC, notably identifying an increased susceptibility to chronic stress and COVID-19-related traumatic stress within LC. Future treatment approaches are encouraged to include psychological interventions with stress and trauma focused elements.