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<p>This study develops the concept <i>precarious modes of incorporation</i> by extending the literature on modes of incorporation and synthesizing them with precarious employment scholarship. Using a unique work-migration history dataset of immigrant workers who entered Canada in various periods through different policies from a range of countries, our qualitative analysis reveals the continuity of precarious employment across time and contexts, highlighting the instability of the context and its uneven impacts on immigrants. By analyzing migration cohort trajectories over time, we specify the structural mechanisms that channel immigrants into precarious employment and the enduring costs of precarious incorporation, which are exacerbated by gendered dependency in migration. Through our empirical analysis, we identify three precarious modes of incorporation differentiated by race, gender, and entry class: precarious ladders, indicating a slow and uncertain movement toward less precarity; precarious chutes, where immigrants experience reversals into more precarity; and stuck in precarity, meaning long-term immobility.</p>

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Precarious Modes of Incorporation: Racialized and Gendered Employment Trajectories Among Immigrants in Toronto

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • Yangsook Kim,
  • Yukiko Tanaka,
  • Cynthia Cranford

摘要

This study develops the concept precarious modes of incorporation by extending the literature on modes of incorporation and synthesizing them with precarious employment scholarship. Using a unique work-migration history dataset of immigrant workers who entered Canada in various periods through different policies from a range of countries, our qualitative analysis reveals the continuity of precarious employment across time and contexts, highlighting the instability of the context and its uneven impacts on immigrants. By analyzing migration cohort trajectories over time, we specify the structural mechanisms that channel immigrants into precarious employment and the enduring costs of precarious incorporation, which are exacerbated by gendered dependency in migration. Through our empirical analysis, we identify three precarious modes of incorporation differentiated by race, gender, and entry class: precarious ladders, indicating a slow and uncertain movement toward less precarity; precarious chutes, where immigrants experience reversals into more precarity; and stuck in precarity, meaning long-term immobility.