<p>Centered on the question of how macroeconomic forces interact with households at the micro-level, this paper investigates the development paradoxes through the case study of female sex workers. The paper is based on a primary survey of Solan, an emerging industrial city in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. Drawing upon the conceptualization of neoliberal arts of development in terms of the “unintended effects” of development, the study explores how neoliberalism reorganizes labor, risk, and aspiration within the <i>oikos</i>, compelling households to navigate shrinking wages, rising living costs, and the erosion of welfare support. Through field-based narratives of female sex workers, this study demonstrates how the industrialization of the Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh (BBN) belt, driven by the 2003 industrial package, led to urbanization, migration, and gendered labor market inequalities. Although women engage in multiple forms of informal work, such as agricultural labor, domestic work, and home-based piecework, these incomes remain inadequate to sustain household needs. Sex work thus emerges as a strategic, economically rational choice within a constrained opportunity structure, offering better monetary compensation, flexible hours, and relative autonomy. Rather than viewing sex workers as passive victims, this paper foregrounds their agency through their lived experiences as household managers who creatively negotiate moral boundaries and financial pressures. In doing so, it highlights the emergence of a neoliberal subjectivity within the household, influencing women’s labor, desire, and strategies for survival.</p>

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Development Paradoxes: Understanding the Effects of Neoliberal State’s Policies on “Oikos” through Sex Workers’ Narratives in a Himalayan State

  • Sheetal Bhopal

摘要

Centered on the question of how macroeconomic forces interact with households at the micro-level, this paper investigates the development paradoxes through the case study of female sex workers. The paper is based on a primary survey of Solan, an emerging industrial city in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. Drawing upon the conceptualization of neoliberal arts of development in terms of the “unintended effects” of development, the study explores how neoliberalism reorganizes labor, risk, and aspiration within the oikos, compelling households to navigate shrinking wages, rising living costs, and the erosion of welfare support. Through field-based narratives of female sex workers, this study demonstrates how the industrialization of the Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh (BBN) belt, driven by the 2003 industrial package, led to urbanization, migration, and gendered labor market inequalities. Although women engage in multiple forms of informal work, such as agricultural labor, domestic work, and home-based piecework, these incomes remain inadequate to sustain household needs. Sex work thus emerges as a strategic, economically rational choice within a constrained opportunity structure, offering better monetary compensation, flexible hours, and relative autonomy. Rather than viewing sex workers as passive victims, this paper foregrounds their agency through their lived experiences as household managers who creatively negotiate moral boundaries and financial pressures. In doing so, it highlights the emergence of a neoliberal subjectivity within the household, influencing women’s labor, desire, and strategies for survival.