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<p>Clustering is a key technique in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that enables scalable and energy-efficient communication by organizing sensor nodes into groups. However, clustering protocols often suffer from the hotspot problem, where Cluster Heads (CHs) experience rapid energy depletion due to their heavy communication load. This imbalance reduces the overall network lifetime and performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of energy-efficient hybrid clustering and routing protocols that address this challenge by optimizing CH selection and load distribution strategies. The study analyses and compares several notable hybrid algorithms, including Energy Balanced Multihop Routing Scheme (EBMRS), Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering-Based (EEUCB), Enhanced Smart Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (ESEERP), Energy-efficient Multi-hop Routing with Unequal Clustering (EMUC), Optimized QoS-based Clustering with Multipath Routing Protocol (OQoS-CMRP), Thermal Exchange Optimization-based Clustering Routing Protocol with a Mobile Sink (TEO-MCRP), and Genetic Algorithm with the Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient (GA-APTEEN). These protocols are evaluated based on performance metrics such as energy consumption, delay, routing overhead, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and scalability. Simulations conducted in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and MATLAB environments show that TEO-MCRP and GA-APTEEN emerge as the best overall performers, delivering superior network lifetime extension and balanced energy consumption. ESEERP and EMUC excel in minimizing delay and overhead, while EBMRS achieves at least a 40% improvement in network lifespan over baseline protocols. These findings provide clear guidance for selecting hybrid clustering algorithms to mitigate hotspot issues and ensure sustainable WSN operation.</p>

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A review of hybrid clustering and routing protocols for the hotspot problem in wireless sensor networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月15日

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  • Bhupesh Lonkar,
  • Pallavi Charde,
  • Annaji Kuthe,
  • Archana Dehankar,
  • Pranali Dandekar,
  • Nischal Puri,
  • Dinesh Banabakode

摘要

Clustering is a key technique in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that enables scalable and energy-efficient communication by organizing sensor nodes into groups. However, clustering protocols often suffer from the hotspot problem, where Cluster Heads (CHs) experience rapid energy depletion due to their heavy communication load. This imbalance reduces the overall network lifetime and performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of energy-efficient hybrid clustering and routing protocols that address this challenge by optimizing CH selection and load distribution strategies. The study analyses and compares several notable hybrid algorithms, including Energy Balanced Multihop Routing Scheme (EBMRS), Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering-Based (EEUCB), Enhanced Smart Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (ESEERP), Energy-efficient Multi-hop Routing with Unequal Clustering (EMUC), Optimized QoS-based Clustering with Multipath Routing Protocol (OQoS-CMRP), Thermal Exchange Optimization-based Clustering Routing Protocol with a Mobile Sink (TEO-MCRP), and Genetic Algorithm with the Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient (GA-APTEEN). These protocols are evaluated based on performance metrics such as energy consumption, delay, routing overhead, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and scalability. Simulations conducted in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and MATLAB environments show that TEO-MCRP and GA-APTEEN emerge as the best overall performers, delivering superior network lifetime extension and balanced energy consumption. ESEERP and EMUC excel in minimizing delay and overhead, while EBMRS achieves at least a 40% improvement in network lifespan over baseline protocols. These findings provide clear guidance for selecting hybrid clustering algorithms to mitigate hotspot issues and ensure sustainable WSN operation.