<p>The decline of honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) populations poses a growing threat to global biodiversity and food security. Among the factors contributing to this phenomenon is nosemosis, a parasitic disease that affects the longevity and behavior of adult bees. This study proposes a comprehensive mathematical model to describe the spread of nosemosis within honey bee colonies, simultaneously incorporating the effects of agrochemical exposure, pharmacological treatments, and hygienic measures applied inside the hive. The model enables an integrated analysis of infection dynamics and control strategies, both at the individual colony level and across interconnected colonies represented by a complex network. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we identify equilibrium points, stability conditions, and optimal intervention policies that minimize the impact of the disease and the costs associated with its management. The results demonstrate that a balanced combination of hygienic practices and pharmacological treatments can significantly reduce disease prevalence, even under moderate agrochemical exposure. This work provides a quantitative tool for designing practical sanitary control strategies in apiculture, allowing the evaluation of management measures under diverse environmental scenarios. Overall, the findings contribute to the development of sustainable beekeeping practices aimed at preserving hive health and the resilience of pollinator ecosystems.</p>