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<p>While thyroid swellings are highly prevalent, the majority represent benign conditions. However, rare thyroid pathologies often present with nonspecific clinical or radiological features that mimic common disorders, posing significant diagnostic challenges. This retrospective case series highlights the spectrum and management of four rare thyroid entities encountered at a tertiary care center in India. The study utilized a multimodal diagnostic approach, including ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and histopathological evaluation. The series describes diverse atypical etiologies: (1) A rare Salmonella species thyroid abscess in a 57-year-old male, successfully treated with surgical drainage and antibiotics; (2) Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 52-year-old female, confirmed via immunohistochemistry; (3) Sarcoidosis presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule in a 41-year-old woman, identified through noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas; and (4) A rapidly progressive high-grade sarcoma in a 49-year-old male, which demonstrated aggressive metastatic behavior. These cases illustrate that rare infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of thyroid swellings. A high index of suspicion, combined with comprehensive multidisciplinary management and advanced diagnostic tools, is vital to distinguish these entities from common nodular disease and ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.</p>

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The Thyroid Tales: an Assortment of Atypical Ailments of the Thyroid Gland

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Vikas Gupta,
  • Mandavi Dwivedi,
  • Pragya Sharma,
  • Devendra Kumar Gupta,
  • Prabha Shanker Mishra,
  • Manoj Gopal Madakshira,
  • Neeti Goyal

摘要

While thyroid swellings are highly prevalent, the majority represent benign conditions. However, rare thyroid pathologies often present with nonspecific clinical or radiological features that mimic common disorders, posing significant diagnostic challenges. This retrospective case series highlights the spectrum and management of four rare thyroid entities encountered at a tertiary care center in India. The study utilized a multimodal diagnostic approach, including ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and histopathological evaluation. The series describes diverse atypical etiologies: (1) A rare Salmonella species thyroid abscess in a 57-year-old male, successfully treated with surgical drainage and antibiotics; (2) Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 52-year-old female, confirmed via immunohistochemistry; (3) Sarcoidosis presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule in a 41-year-old woman, identified through noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas; and (4) A rapidly progressive high-grade sarcoma in a 49-year-old male, which demonstrated aggressive metastatic behavior. These cases illustrate that rare infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of thyroid swellings. A high index of suspicion, combined with comprehensive multidisciplinary management and advanced diagnostic tools, is vital to distinguish these entities from common nodular disease and ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.