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<p>Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic allergic disease affecting up to 25% of the global population, driven by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. Its rising prevalence is linked to urbanization and pollution. ABO blood group antigens, present on respiratory epithelium, may influence susceptibility to allergens. Studies suggest certain blood types may alter disease risk, possibly affecting how allergens interact with the mucosa. This study explores the association between ABO blood groups and AR to aid early identification and prevention strategies. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted over one year (May 2024 – April 2025) in the Department of ENT, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu. It included 133 clinically diagnosed persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) patients (as per ARIA guidelines) aged 18–55 years, and 133 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Ethical approval was obtained prior to study initiation. Exclusion criteria for cases included hematological disorders, pregnancy, recent steroid use, systemic illnesses, and autoimmune diseases. Controls were free of systemic infections and significant drug history. Symptom severity was assessed using the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), classifying AR as mild (1–3), moderate (4–7), or severe (8–12). After informed consent, clinical history was recorded, and blood samples were collected for ABO blood group typing. Result: The study included 133 allergic rhinitis (AR) cases and 133 healthy controls. The mean age of cases was 38.5±11 years, and controls 36.3±11 years. Gender distribution was comparable between groups. Age-wise, most AR patients were aged 26–35 years (33.8%), while controls were more evenly spread across older age groups. The difference in age distribution was not statistically significant (p = 0.086). Based on TNSS scoring, 38.3% of AR patients had moderate symptoms, 37.6% mild, and 24.1% severe symptoms. Blood group analysis showed O⁺ was most common in AR cases (43.6%) versus 28.6% in controls. AB⁺ was significantly lower in AR cases (3.76%) compared to controls (15.03%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant association between blood group distribution and AR (p = 0.035), with O and AB groups showing potential links to disease susceptibility or protection. Further analysis of ABO phenotypes revealed that group O was more frequent in AR cases (45.86%) than controls (34.58%), while AB was lower in cases (3.75%) than controls (15.03%), with the association being statistically significant (p = 0.011). Rh phenotype analysis showed a significantly higher proportion of Rh-positive individuals in AR cases (93.98%) compared to controls (77.44%), with a significant association (p = 0.015). Among AR cases, blood group O was significantly associated with severe disease (p = 0.025), whereas no significant association was found between AR severity and blood groups A, B, or AB. Rh phenotype did not show any significant correlation with AR severity (p = 0.403). Conclusion: Blood group O⁺ was significantly more common in AR cases, while AB⁺ was less frequent, indicating a possible higher risk with O and lower risk with AB. ABO blood groups, especially O, may influence AR susceptibility and severity, whereas Rh factor showed no significant effect.</p>

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ABO Blood Group as a Potential Risk Factor for Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月30日

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  • Himanshu Sharma,
  • Vikas Mahajan,
  • Aditiya Saraf,
  • Gopika Kalsotra

摘要

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic allergic disease affecting up to 25% of the global population, driven by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. Its rising prevalence is linked to urbanization and pollution. ABO blood group antigens, present on respiratory epithelium, may influence susceptibility to allergens. Studies suggest certain blood types may alter disease risk, possibly affecting how allergens interact with the mucosa. This study explores the association between ABO blood groups and AR to aid early identification and prevention strategies. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted over one year (May 2024 – April 2025) in the Department of ENT, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu. It included 133 clinically diagnosed persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) patients (as per ARIA guidelines) aged 18–55 years, and 133 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Ethical approval was obtained prior to study initiation. Exclusion criteria for cases included hematological disorders, pregnancy, recent steroid use, systemic illnesses, and autoimmune diseases. Controls were free of systemic infections and significant drug history. Symptom severity was assessed using the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), classifying AR as mild (1–3), moderate (4–7), or severe (8–12). After informed consent, clinical history was recorded, and blood samples were collected for ABO blood group typing. Result: The study included 133 allergic rhinitis (AR) cases and 133 healthy controls. The mean age of cases was 38.5±11 years, and controls 36.3±11 years. Gender distribution was comparable between groups. Age-wise, most AR patients were aged 26–35 years (33.8%), while controls were more evenly spread across older age groups. The difference in age distribution was not statistically significant (p = 0.086). Based on TNSS scoring, 38.3% of AR patients had moderate symptoms, 37.6% mild, and 24.1% severe symptoms. Blood group analysis showed O⁺ was most common in AR cases (43.6%) versus 28.6% in controls. AB⁺ was significantly lower in AR cases (3.76%) compared to controls (15.03%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant association between blood group distribution and AR (p = 0.035), with O and AB groups showing potential links to disease susceptibility or protection. Further analysis of ABO phenotypes revealed that group O was more frequent in AR cases (45.86%) than controls (34.58%), while AB was lower in cases (3.75%) than controls (15.03%), with the association being statistically significant (p = 0.011). Rh phenotype analysis showed a significantly higher proportion of Rh-positive individuals in AR cases (93.98%) compared to controls (77.44%), with a significant association (p = 0.015). Among AR cases, blood group O was significantly associated with severe disease (p = 0.025), whereas no significant association was found between AR severity and blood groups A, B, or AB. Rh phenotype did not show any significant correlation with AR severity (p = 0.403). Conclusion: Blood group O⁺ was significantly more common in AR cases, while AB⁺ was less frequent, indicating a possible higher risk with O and lower risk with AB. ABO blood groups, especially O, may influence AR susceptibility and severity, whereas Rh factor showed no significant effect.