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<p>Underground Pedestrian Systems (UPSs) are important components of urban resilience, yet existing safety assessments often remain efficiency-oriented and insufficiently address equity and vulnerability. This study develops an integrated supply-demand-equity framework to evaluate UPS safety from a disaster risk reduction perspective. Combining geospatial, socio-demographic, and infrastructural data, the framework constructs the Safety-support Supply Index (SSI), Safety Demand Index (SDI), Supply-Demand Mismatch Index (SDMI), Socially Weighted Demand Equity Index (SDEI), and Group Equity Index (GEI). Four typologically contrasting Japanese UPSs, namely Tokyo, Shinjuku, Sapporo, and Tenjin, are examined to diagnose network-based safety-support adequacy and distributive fairness. The results reveal pronounced spatial and social heterogeneity. Sapporo shows the highest relative supply adequacy and composite equity performance (GEI = 1.071), whereas Tenjin exhibits combined deficits in safety-support supply and equity performance (GEI = 0.453). Shinjuku shows a potential distributional equity deficit despite moderate safety-support capacity, while Tokyo presents a near-threshold equity profile. These contrasts suggest that built-environment conditions and governance arrangements may be associated with different safety-equity outcomes across UPS types, although the findings should be interpreted as exploratory comparative evidence rather than causal or statistically generalizable results. The proposed framework translates spatial justice into operational diagnostic indicators and provides a transparent tool for identifying supply–demand mismatch and group-sensitive safety deficits in subterranean urban systems. It is intended as an exploratory spatial-equity diagnostic framework rather than a hazard-specific engineering safety audit.</p>

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From Efficiency to Equity: Assessing Supply–Demand Fairness in Underground Pedestrian System Safety in Japanese Cities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Zongchao Gu,
  • Haipeng Zhu,
  • Ruizhe Liu,
  • Tianyue Wan

摘要

Underground Pedestrian Systems (UPSs) are important components of urban resilience, yet existing safety assessments often remain efficiency-oriented and insufficiently address equity and vulnerability. This study develops an integrated supply-demand-equity framework to evaluate UPS safety from a disaster risk reduction perspective. Combining geospatial, socio-demographic, and infrastructural data, the framework constructs the Safety-support Supply Index (SSI), Safety Demand Index (SDI), Supply-Demand Mismatch Index (SDMI), Socially Weighted Demand Equity Index (SDEI), and Group Equity Index (GEI). Four typologically contrasting Japanese UPSs, namely Tokyo, Shinjuku, Sapporo, and Tenjin, are examined to diagnose network-based safety-support adequacy and distributive fairness. The results reveal pronounced spatial and social heterogeneity. Sapporo shows the highest relative supply adequacy and composite equity performance (GEI = 1.071), whereas Tenjin exhibits combined deficits in safety-support supply and equity performance (GEI = 0.453). Shinjuku shows a potential distributional equity deficit despite moderate safety-support capacity, while Tokyo presents a near-threshold equity profile. These contrasts suggest that built-environment conditions and governance arrangements may be associated with different safety-equity outcomes across UPS types, although the findings should be interpreted as exploratory comparative evidence rather than causal or statistically generalizable results. The proposed framework translates spatial justice into operational diagnostic indicators and provides a transparent tool for identifying supply–demand mismatch and group-sensitive safety deficits in subterranean urban systems. It is intended as an exploratory spatial-equity diagnostic framework rather than a hazard-specific engineering safety audit.