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<p>Urban living streets act as the primary venues for residents’ daily outdoor activities, and their spatial characteristics exert a pivotal influence on residents’ psychophysiological perceptions of safety, a key indicator for evaluating urban livability and the quality of sustainable built environments. This study selected nine living streets with high, medium, and low construction densities in the central urban area of Shenyang, China, as research samples. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating virtual reality (VR) scene stimulation, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form (S-AI) for psychological assessment, and heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring for physiological measurement, to quantify the safety perceptions of 117 participants. Factor analysis identified five core spatial dimensions of living streets: Spatial Activity, Spatial Maintenance, Spatial Quality, Spatial Business Function, and Spatial Form, on the basis of which a spatial visual quality (SVQ) evaluation model was developed. Correlation and regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between SVQ and psychological perceptions of safety (PSP), while both variables were negatively correlated with street construction density. Furthermore, PSP and SVQ were positively associated with the HRV indicators SDNN and RMSSD. Pedestrian path width, effective walkable width, and sidewalk railings were identified as key factors influencing safety perceptions across all density categories, while streets with different construction densities exhibited distinct patterns of demand for spatial elements. From a human-centric perspective, this study clarifies the psychophysiological mechanisms through which street spatial characteristics shape residents’ safety perceptions and provides empirical evidence and targeted design strategies for the refined optimization of urban living street spaces and the enhancement of urban environmental quality. These findings offer practical insights for promoting sustainable urban construction and human-oriented urban development in high-density urban contexts.</p>

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The Influence of the Spatial Characteristics of Living Streets on Residents’ Physical and Psychological Safety Perception: The Case of Shenyang

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Qiushi Wang,
  • Zhipeng Liang,
  • Ruiyang Ma,
  • Wan Zheng,
  • Yukuan Dong

摘要

Urban living streets act as the primary venues for residents’ daily outdoor activities, and their spatial characteristics exert a pivotal influence on residents’ psychophysiological perceptions of safety, a key indicator for evaluating urban livability and the quality of sustainable built environments. This study selected nine living streets with high, medium, and low construction densities in the central urban area of Shenyang, China, as research samples. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating virtual reality (VR) scene stimulation, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Form (S-AI) for psychological assessment, and heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring for physiological measurement, to quantify the safety perceptions of 117 participants. Factor analysis identified five core spatial dimensions of living streets: Spatial Activity, Spatial Maintenance, Spatial Quality, Spatial Business Function, and Spatial Form, on the basis of which a spatial visual quality (SVQ) evaluation model was developed. Correlation and regression analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between SVQ and psychological perceptions of safety (PSP), while both variables were negatively correlated with street construction density. Furthermore, PSP and SVQ were positively associated with the HRV indicators SDNN and RMSSD. Pedestrian path width, effective walkable width, and sidewalk railings were identified as key factors influencing safety perceptions across all density categories, while streets with different construction densities exhibited distinct patterns of demand for spatial elements. From a human-centric perspective, this study clarifies the psychophysiological mechanisms through which street spatial characteristics shape residents’ safety perceptions and provides empirical evidence and targeted design strategies for the refined optimization of urban living street spaces and the enhancement of urban environmental quality. These findings offer practical insights for promoting sustainable urban construction and human-oriented urban development in high-density urban contexts.