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<p>China’s rapid urbanization has substantially reshaped urban spatial structures and accelerated economic growth. To inform sustainable development, it is essential to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of multidimensional urban-form change. Using a mechanics-inspired Poisson coupling index, this study integrates multi-source remote-sensing data to examine the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphological evolution of 19 Chinese urban agglomerations. We further apply a binarization approach to distinguish endogenous growth from exogenous expansion and to quantify their respective contributions to overall morphological transformation. The findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, all agglomerations underwent substantial 2D and 3D expansion, with the most rapid growth concentrated in the eastern coastal regions. In 2D, exogenous expansion remained dominant, although its relative advantage declined over time; in 3D, the balance shifted from near equilibrium toward dominance by exogenous expansion. (2) Heterogeneity in 2D expansion diminished across agglomerations, whereas 3D expansion exhibited a pronounced inverted-U trajectory with marked stage sensitivity; across agglomeration types, growth rates declined in the order optimization–upgrading &gt; development–expansion &gt; cultivation–development, while inter-type disparities narrowed. (3) Urban agglomerations generally maintained coordination between 2D and 3D expansion. The overall decline in Poisson coupling indices indicates a structural transition from early emphasis on planar (2D) sprawl to subsequent vertical (3D) intensification. These results provide an empirical basis for designing development plans and differentiated policy instruments tailored to distinct agglomeration models.</p>

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Assessment of 2D and 3D Urban Built Environment Morphological Changes in Chinese City Clusters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Zhenchao Zhang,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Mingjun Ji,
  • Zhipeng Shi,
  • Xiaoyu Cai,
  • Gai Cao

摘要

China’s rapid urbanization has substantially reshaped urban spatial structures and accelerated economic growth. To inform sustainable development, it is essential to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of multidimensional urban-form change. Using a mechanics-inspired Poisson coupling index, this study integrates multi-source remote-sensing data to examine the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphological evolution of 19 Chinese urban agglomerations. We further apply a binarization approach to distinguish endogenous growth from exogenous expansion and to quantify their respective contributions to overall morphological transformation. The findings are as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, all agglomerations underwent substantial 2D and 3D expansion, with the most rapid growth concentrated in the eastern coastal regions. In 2D, exogenous expansion remained dominant, although its relative advantage declined over time; in 3D, the balance shifted from near equilibrium toward dominance by exogenous expansion. (2) Heterogeneity in 2D expansion diminished across agglomerations, whereas 3D expansion exhibited a pronounced inverted-U trajectory with marked stage sensitivity; across agglomeration types, growth rates declined in the order optimization–upgrading > development–expansion > cultivation–development, while inter-type disparities narrowed. (3) Urban agglomerations generally maintained coordination between 2D and 3D expansion. The overall decline in Poisson coupling indices indicates a structural transition from early emphasis on planar (2D) sprawl to subsequent vertical (3D) intensification. These results provide an empirical basis for designing development plans and differentiated policy instruments tailored to distinct agglomeration models.