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<p>The spatial decoupling of grain production and consumption in China has driven massive interregional transfers of embodied ecosystem services (ES). This telecoupling exacerbates ecological overdraft in grain-producing regions while effectively subsidizing developed consumption centers, making the assessment of ES spatial equity an urgent prerequisite for safeguarding national ecological security and sustainable food systems. Integrating a linear optimization model with the InVEST model, this study quantifies the virtual flows of four key ES (Nutrient Delivery Ratio, Habitat Quality, Primary Industry’s Share of Gross Domestic Product, and Annual Water Yield) across 31 Chinese provinces (2005–2020). To rigorously evaluate spatial justice, we constructed a novel ES Equity Index—defined as the ratio of net virtual ES flows (imports minus exports) to local ES capacity. Based on the multidimensional Equity Index scores, we developed a zoning framework that categorizes provinces into specific ecological input/output grades. The results reveal that: (1) The grain trade network exhibits “path simplification” (fewer routes) but persistent solidification of core pathways. (2) Significant spatial inequity exists: developed hubs (e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) act as severe ES importers, while major grain bases (e.g., Heilongjiang) bear disproportionate ecological costs as net exporters. (3) Temporally, overall equity shows an improving trend as some core importing regions enhance local self-sufficiency. Guided by the zoning framework, we propose zonal optimization strategies: shifting from uniform agricultural subsidies to spatially targeted horizontal ecological compensation, where net ES importers financially compensate severe exporters. This study provides a spatially explicit roadmap for internalizing ecological externalities and correcting regional spatial mismatches.</p>

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Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Zoning Optimization of Ecosystem Service Equity in Interprovincial Grain Trade in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Junxiao Wang,
  • Jiao Lin,
  • Xiwei Lai,
  • Ligang Lv,
  • Bo Mao,
  • Zhuolin Tao

摘要

The spatial decoupling of grain production and consumption in China has driven massive interregional transfers of embodied ecosystem services (ES). This telecoupling exacerbates ecological overdraft in grain-producing regions while effectively subsidizing developed consumption centers, making the assessment of ES spatial equity an urgent prerequisite for safeguarding national ecological security and sustainable food systems. Integrating a linear optimization model with the InVEST model, this study quantifies the virtual flows of four key ES (Nutrient Delivery Ratio, Habitat Quality, Primary Industry’s Share of Gross Domestic Product, and Annual Water Yield) across 31 Chinese provinces (2005–2020). To rigorously evaluate spatial justice, we constructed a novel ES Equity Index—defined as the ratio of net virtual ES flows (imports minus exports) to local ES capacity. Based on the multidimensional Equity Index scores, we developed a zoning framework that categorizes provinces into specific ecological input/output grades. The results reveal that: (1) The grain trade network exhibits “path simplification” (fewer routes) but persistent solidification of core pathways. (2) Significant spatial inequity exists: developed hubs (e.g., Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) act as severe ES importers, while major grain bases (e.g., Heilongjiang) bear disproportionate ecological costs as net exporters. (3) Temporally, overall equity shows an improving trend as some core importing regions enhance local self-sufficiency. Guided by the zoning framework, we propose zonal optimization strategies: shifting from uniform agricultural subsidies to spatially targeted horizontal ecological compensation, where net ES importers financially compensate severe exporters. This study provides a spatially explicit roadmap for internalizing ecological externalities and correcting regional spatial mismatches.