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<p>Amid rapid urbanization, promoting low-carbon school commuting is crucial for sustainable urban development, yet the spatial variation and network interdependence of such emissions within cities are poorly understood—hindering refined governance of low-carbon transitions. Focusing on Kaifeng, a city experiencing rapid spatial expansion and restructuring, this study calculates junior high school students’ commuting emissions across 526 residential neighborhoods and constructs a spatially linked emission network using a modified gravity model. Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) are then applied to analyze the network’s structural features and influencing factors. The results show that: (1) the overall network demonstrates low density and hierarchy, moderate connectivity, and relatively high efficiency; (2) core neighborhoods demonstrate strong spatial linkages with surrounding areas, acting as both "emitters" and "receivers" due to their pronounced radiating and integrative capacities; (3) while most neighborhoods are interconnected—facilitating fluid network flows—their ability to control adjacent areas is limited, resulting in weaking overall network dominance; and (4) distance is the most significant factor shaping the spatial network, with proximity to schools and public transit stations having a statistically positive influence on commuting-related carbon emission patterns. By developing an intra-urban spatial network of school commuting carbon emissions, this study introduces a novel “relational-structural” framework that moves beyond conventional isolated analysis. We contend that low-carbon governance should evolve from managing individual neighborhoods toward optimizing network linkages through regulating key nodes, shortening commuting distances, and rebalancing the distribution of public transit and schools to achieve systemic emission reductions. Thus, this study offers an innovative "relational-structural" perspective for low-carbon commuting governance, thereby pioneering the construction of a spatial network for school commuting carbon emissions at the small-medium city scale.</p>

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Spatial Association Network of Urban School Commuting Carbon Emissions and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Kaifeng, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Yongkai Su,
  • Peijun Rong,
  • Quntao Yang,
  • Zhicheng Zheng,
  • Ning Niu,
  • BoYu Hu,
  • YuZe Zhu

摘要

Amid rapid urbanization, promoting low-carbon school commuting is crucial for sustainable urban development, yet the spatial variation and network interdependence of such emissions within cities are poorly understood—hindering refined governance of low-carbon transitions. Focusing on Kaifeng, a city experiencing rapid spatial expansion and restructuring, this study calculates junior high school students’ commuting emissions across 526 residential neighborhoods and constructs a spatially linked emission network using a modified gravity model. Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) are then applied to analyze the network’s structural features and influencing factors. The results show that: (1) the overall network demonstrates low density and hierarchy, moderate connectivity, and relatively high efficiency; (2) core neighborhoods demonstrate strong spatial linkages with surrounding areas, acting as both "emitters" and "receivers" due to their pronounced radiating and integrative capacities; (3) while most neighborhoods are interconnected—facilitating fluid network flows—their ability to control adjacent areas is limited, resulting in weaking overall network dominance; and (4) distance is the most significant factor shaping the spatial network, with proximity to schools and public transit stations having a statistically positive influence on commuting-related carbon emission patterns. By developing an intra-urban spatial network of school commuting carbon emissions, this study introduces a novel “relational-structural” framework that moves beyond conventional isolated analysis. We contend that low-carbon governance should evolve from managing individual neighborhoods toward optimizing network linkages through regulating key nodes, shortening commuting distances, and rebalancing the distribution of public transit and schools to achieve systemic emission reductions. Thus, this study offers an innovative "relational-structural" perspective for low-carbon commuting governance, thereby pioneering the construction of a spatial network for school commuting carbon emissions at the small-medium city scale.