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<p>Abundance of mud and scarcity of rainfall at high altitude regions viz., Leh and Ladakh in northern part of India presents a potential scope and opportunity of mud based blocks for local construction practices. These two regions are situated at rough geographical terrains and exposed to extreme cold weather conditions due to which the construction practices experience shortage of manpower and construction materials (viz., cement, rebars, etc.) resulting in steep rise in material cost and manpower wages. In this context, the present study investigates the utilisation of mud blocks along with locally available sand for geotechnical, mechanical, thermal and CO<sub>2</sub> emission analysis. The low plasticity of Leh soil shows poor cohesiveness required for block casting. The density and compressive strength of 10 days sundried mud blocks with cement addition varies from 1600 to 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> and 0.5–1.5 MPa, respectively. The investigated mud blocks have thermal admittance of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sim\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∼</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 6.2 W/m<sup>2</sup> K, relatively low thermal transmittance of 2.0 W/m<sup>2</sup> K resulting in good thermal storage capacity and thermal insulation. CO<sub>2</sub> emission of 20.94 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g{CO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">CO</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and 372.06 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g{CO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">CO</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are observed for mud and concrete blocks respectively exhibiting 15–20 times less emission compared to concrete blocks thus promoting sustainable and traditional construction practices at high altitude regions. The detailed investigation of the mud blocks utilisation in the hilly regions of India provides a unique novelty to the present study in understanding the scientific and traditional knowledge of the construction practices in the hilly regions with sustainable habitat.</p>

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Investigation of thermo-mechanical properties and CO2 emission of mud blocks for sustainable construction at high-altitude regions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Siddharth Singh,
  • Soumitra Maiti,
  • Nagesh Babu Balam,
  • Ajay Dwivedi,
  • Ravindra Singh Bisht

摘要

Abundance of mud and scarcity of rainfall at high altitude regions viz., Leh and Ladakh in northern part of India presents a potential scope and opportunity of mud based blocks for local construction practices. These two regions are situated at rough geographical terrains and exposed to extreme cold weather conditions due to which the construction practices experience shortage of manpower and construction materials (viz., cement, rebars, etc.) resulting in steep rise in material cost and manpower wages. In this context, the present study investigates the utilisation of mud blocks along with locally available sand for geotechnical, mechanical, thermal and CO2 emission analysis. The low plasticity of Leh soil shows poor cohesiveness required for block casting. The density and compressive strength of 10 days sundried mud blocks with cement addition varies from 1600 to 2000 kg/m3 and 0.5–1.5 MPa, respectively. The investigated mud blocks have thermal admittance of \(\sim\) ∼ 6.2 W/m2 K, relatively low thermal transmittance of 2.0 W/m2 K resulting in good thermal storage capacity and thermal insulation. CO2 emission of 20.94 \(g{CO}_{2}\) g CO 2 and 372.06 \(g{CO}_{2}\) g CO 2 are observed for mud and concrete blocks respectively exhibiting 15–20 times less emission compared to concrete blocks thus promoting sustainable and traditional construction practices at high altitude regions. The detailed investigation of the mud blocks utilisation in the hilly regions of India provides a unique novelty to the present study in understanding the scientific and traditional knowledge of the construction practices in the hilly regions with sustainable habitat.